What is zinc used for?

Applications of zinc

Zinc can be called the youngest of all heavy non-ferrous metals.
It is noteworthy that at the beginning of the 19th century. it was produced no more than 900 tons per year, then today the production of zinc abroad exceeds 6 million tons per year. Zinc has a special place among the metals used by industry.

Unalloyed zinc is not popular as a structural material because it has an insufficiently favorable set of mechanical, physical and technological qualities. However, additional alloying of zinc with various elements significantly increases the listed properties and characteristics.

For this reason, a fifth of all zinc (about 20%) is used to prepare zinc alloys, in which the main alloying components are aluminum and copper. The use of zinc is also in demand in the production of copper alloy - brass.

Types of zinc

According to the document GOST 3640–94, today eight grades of zinc are produced, the chemical composition of which is indicated in the following table:

In zinc, which is used to create the TsAM4-1o alloy, the mass fraction of lead should not exceed 0.004%.
And in zinc, which is used for rolling, the mass fraction of aluminum should not exceed 0.005%.

Zinc coating

Initially, the production of zinc coating was carried out by immersing the part in molten zinc, that is, by the hot method. This method is still used today for large items. To obtain a thin zinc coating, the process of electrolytic galvanizing of parts is used. Both of these methods can be implemented exclusively in workshop conditions.

To improve the protective qualities of zinc coatings and extend their service life, the surface of the coatings must be additionally passivated (phosphated, chromated), oiled and painted. Based on the high protective properties of zinc coatings, methods for applying them not in a workshop, but directly on site, were developed, excluding the stage of dismantling products.

Quite common are zinc polymer and zinc silicate materials, which contain from 80 to 98% zinc. They cover the protected structures using mechanisms for spraying paints and varnishes.

Such coatings are distinguished by higher insulating characteristics, in comparison with metal zinc coatings, they increase the level of protection of structures from corrosion and make it possible to expand the boundaries of the use of zinc and its alloys.

The area of ​​application of zinc depends on the grade of zinc. It is used for:

• galvanizing steel
• obtaining zinc alloys
• creation of zinc semi-finished products
• obtaining zinc compounds.

Almost a third of rolled zinc is occupied by general-purpose zinc sheets, which are divided by thickness into four groups:

• 0.15-0.4 mm
• 0.5-0.9 mm
• 1.0-1.2 mm
• 1.5 mm or more.

Zinc sheets are used to create chemical power sources, galvanized utensils, and other things. Zinc sheets are the raw material for creating printing plates for rotary presses in the printing industry. Zinc anodes are used in the process of galvanizing products using the galvanic method. A lot of zinc sheets are used for construction needs, namely for the manufacture of roofing coverings, the creation of pipes, and gutters.

However, zinc is most popular as a coating to prevent corrosion of iron and alloys based on it, that is, steels. Up to 50% of all zinc produced by the industry is spent on this. The galvanizing process is the coating of various metal products with zinc or its alloys. This process is relevant for protecting steel sheets, wire, tape and other metal objects from corrosion.

The area of ​​use of galvanized sheets is construction. Zinc alloys are used to produce high-precision parts of stable quality with a thin relief. With the transition to the production of gas burner valve parts from zinc casting, which were previously created from brass, a 6-fold reduction in the price of products was recorded.

Pure metallic zinc is used to carry out reduction reactions of noble metals, which are obtained by underground leaching. These metals include gold and silver. Zinc is also used to extract silver, gold (and other metals) from crude lead. Thus, intermetallic compounds of zinc with silver and gold are obtained, another name is “silver foam”. These compounds are then processed using conventional refining methods.

The use of zinc in medicine is due to the antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties of zinc oxide. Zinc is also known for its antifungal properties, as a result of which it is used in cosmetology.

Automotive industry

The largest consumer of galvanized steel is the automotive industry.

The advantage of using galvanized sheets for the automotive industry is the creation of favorable conditions for comprehensive protection of steel from corrosion when covering the metal with a layer of paint.

Zinc coating is an ideal base for painting, since the basic zinc carbonate that forms in the pores does not differ in volume from zinc and, therefore, does not lead to the destruction of the paint layer. Galvanized sheets are used to make:

• bottoms
• gas tanks
• trunk lids
• wheel covers
• doors
• mufflers and much more.

Zinc oxide is quite in demand in the production of rubber. It improves the quality of rubber tires and many other rubber products. Castings of carburetor bodies, pumps, speedometer frames, radiator grilles, as well as various decorative components are made from cast zinc alloys.

Several zinc compounds are used as paints, for example, zinc oxide or zinc white, lithopone (a mixture of barium sulfate and zinc sulfide).

Paint made from zinc sulfide is the best paint for use on spacecraft because it has the highest reflectivity.

Source: http://mining-prom.ru/cvetmet/zink/primenenie-tsinka/

Where is it permissible to use zinc alloys and what are their properties?

In the 4th millennium BC. e. man first became acquainted with metal nuggets. Later he learned how to process it and make tools for solving everyday problems and weapons. Since then, people have continued to learn and improve in the methods of mining and processing metals. Zinc and zinc alloy played a key role in history.

Properties of zinc alloys

To understand what properties zinc alloys should have, you need to know the characteristics of zinc. Casting qualities, melting point, hardness and other parameters directly depend on the chemical and physical properties of zinc. It is a bluish metal. This substance is not found in natural deposits in its pure form. During long-term processing, zinc oxide is obtained, from which pure metal can be obtained.

Characteristics and properties of zinc

Before describing zinc alloys and their use in various areas of production, it is necessary to understand the properties of zinc.

Chemical properties:

1. When heated for a long time, it can react with H2O and hydrogen sulfide. In its process, hydrogen is released.
2. Does not come into contact with carbon and nitrogen.
3. Mixes with various non-metals - oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur.
4. When combined with alkalis, zincates are formed (these are salts of zinc acid).
5. When a metal is mixed with sulfuric acid, various substances can form. It all depends on the amount of acid.
6. At very high temperatures, the metal can come into contact with various gases (iodine in gaseous state, chlorine and fluorine).

Physical properties:

1. It is a durable metal. When heated to 100–150°C, it becomes plastic. When heated to more than 210 °C, the metal changes its shape. Compared to other metals, zinc melts at a low temperature.
2. It has good thermal conductivity - 116 W/m K.
3. The material boils at a temperature of 906°C.
4. Density - 7.133 g/cm3
5. Melting of the material - 419°C.
6. Maximum tensile strength is 200–250 MN/m2.
7. The specific heat of evaporation is 114.8 KJ/mol.

The amount of impurities in the metal directly depends on the method of extraction, processing and the original type of the material. Common impurities found in zinc are nickel, fluorine, chlorine and lead.

Lead and zinc are called an inseparable pair. Although lead is an impurity contained in zinc, they are not found together very often in deposits. A large amount of lead contained in the original material worsens its properties. Intergranular corrosion develops faster. To remove impurities of foreign metals, the distillation method is used.

How do impurities change the properties of zinc

Foreign impurities contained in zinc worsen the characteristics of this metal (at high contents). The primary goal of manufacturers is to reduce the amount of lead, cadmium and tin in this metal to avoid intercrystalline corrosion.

Impact of impurities on zinc:

1. Lead - increases the solubility of the metal in water.
2. Copper - worsens the ductility index. The metal becomes more vulnerable to corrosion, but its strength improves.
3. Arsenic - impairs the strength and ductility of zinc even at a minimum content.
4. Tin - increases the fragility of finished castings.
5. Cadmium - reduces the ductility of the metal.
6. Antimony - in the process of rolling at high temperatures, increases the strength and worsens the ductility of zinc.

Almost all impurities are considered harmful to finished products. Because of this, manufacturers first carry out a series of procedures to ensure that the zinc content in the finished casting is as high as possible.

Types of alloys

As technology developed, various zinc alloys emerged. The combination of two metals can be much better in performance than pure raw materials, refined and melted into blanks. Let's talk about the most famous alloys of zinc with other metals.

Copper and zinc

A derivative mixture of copper and zinc is brass. The alloy has been known since ancient times. It was originally made by smelting zinc ore and copper. In the 18th century An alloy with the addition of metallic zinc was first produced. There are 3 types of brass:

1. Green - 60% copper.
2. Golden - 75% copper.
3. Yellow - 67% copper.

In the past, brass was used to make coins and jewelry.

Steel and zinc

Everyone knows galvanized steel. It can be found in any apartment or workplace. It is unreasonable to call this mixture an alloy. A layer of zinc coating is applied to the steel sheet. At a temperature of 400°C, liquid zinc is applied to the steel surface. At this temperature, the atoms of the two metals are tightly bonded to each other and form an iron-zinc alloy. Galvanized surfaces do not rust.

Tin and zinc

An alloy of tin and zinc is popular in the electrical industry. Due to its high heat capacity, this alloy was used in the manufacture of vessels for storing liquids. Drinks remained warm for a long time.

Aluminum and zinc

Alloys of aluminum and zinc with the addition of other metals are used in foundries. The resulting mixture has good casting parameters due to its low melting point.

Is zinc alloy harmful?

With modern equipment, manufacturers have achieved a reduction in the amount of lead and nickel in alloys to a minimum. These metals carried a key danger to the human body. Due to their reduction in the composition of finished products, jewelry made from zinc alloys is considered safe for health.

Application

Nowadays, the use of zinc alloys with other metals can be seen in various industries.

To protect metals from corrosion

To protect other metals from corrosion, a clean material is used to cover the vulnerable surface. The coating process is called metallization.

In the automotive industry

Zinc and alloys containing it have gained great popularity in the automotive industry. Mixtures of metals are used for decorative coating of individual elements of the car (handles, bumpers, grilles, mirrors). Gear mechanisms, lever mechanisms, tires, batteries contain this substance.

In the production of jewelry

Costume jewelry and decorations made of zinc alloys have been known for a long time. Zinc is often mixed with gold. This metal is also used to make white gold. It brightens the finished product.

In construction

Alloys of zinc and other metals are widely used in construction. For example, they are used in the production of roofing. Not only the roofing covering is made from galvanization, but also various pipes, gutters, wind strips, and lining for roof overhangs.

In medicine

When it comes to medicine, zinc oxide is often used as an antiseptic. It is also added to formulations used to accelerate regeneration.

Use of zinc in medicine

How alloys are made

Before understanding the production of alloys, it is necessary to understand how pure metal is obtained.

The most famous method is distillation. First of all, the concentrated composition is fired. It is then heated until a grainy texture is achieved.

After this, the concentrated substance is reduced with the help of coal when heated to 1300°C. The vapors produced in this process are condensed and poured into molds. Next, the liquid metal settles at a temperature of 500°C.

Lead and iron come out of it. After the distillation process, the material obtained is 98–99% pure.

There is also a more complex and expensive processing method - rectification. During this process, heat exchange occurs between liquid and steam. Heat exchange separates mixtures and eliminates impurities. The output is material with a purity of 99–99.9%.

There is another method for producing pure material - electrolytic.
After roasting the concentrate, it is treated with sulfuric acid. The resulting substance is purified from impurities and undergoes the process of electrolysis (produced in lead baths). The metal remains in the baths, which is melted using induction furnaces. The resulting material is 99.95% pure. How to get zinc for free

Obtaining zinc by electrolysis
After obtaining the pure material, it is melted. Other substances are added to the liquid metal to improve its technical characteristics. The better the metal is heated, the better it will fill the molds.

Zinc alloys are used in various industries, jewelry making and medicine (oxide). Galvanized sheets and materials made from them are popular in construction. When purchasing an alloy, it is important to clarify the lead and nickel content in its composition.

These 2 substances are harmful to human health.

Source: https://metalloy.ru/splavy/tsinkovyj

Zinc / Zincum (Zn) Why the body needs it

Zinc is a silver-colored metal that acquires ductility already at 1500 degrees. It was known about it in ancient times, when it was smelted together with copper. It was only possible to isolate it in its pure form in the 18th century.

Now widely used in industry, for dental treatment and the manufacture of porcelain products.
This metal is found not only in nature, but also in the human body. Along with iron, it plays one of the main roles in the normal functioning of the body.

An adult has about 2-3 g of zinc.

The role of zinc in the human body

The role of zinc for humans cannot be underestimated; it is involved in almost all processes occurring in the body:

• Protection against infectious agents. In fact, the metal is a natural immunomodulator; with its deficiency, the gradual destruction of muscle fibers begins and the level of cortisone increases.
• Participates in the process of bone tissue formation.
• Stimulating brain function. It has been established that there is a direct connection with the level of zinc and a person’s mental abilities; the higher the concentration of the metal, the better the person remembers information and it is easier for him to concentrate.
• Normalization of the reproductive system. In the female body, zinc is responsible for stabilizing ovarian function and hormonal levels. In men, the substance plays a protective function against the development of adenoma.
• Preventing the occurrence of eye diseases. The required amount of zinc in the body will prevent the development of blepharitis and cataracts.

Zinc plays a huge role in maintaining external beauty. It stimulates hair growth, prevents hair loss and fragility. Thanks to zinc, a sufficient amount of collagen is formed in skin cells, so the skin becomes smooth and elastic. Zinc prevents the appearance of wrinkles and acne. The substance helps improve the structure of nails, they stop flaking and breaking.

The effect of zinc on the male body

First of all, zinc in the male body is responsible for reproductive function. It stimulates the process of sperm production and takes part in the production of testosterone. The lack of a substance immediately affects a man’s fertility; he has problems not only with conceiving a child, but also in the sexual sphere. Zinc reduces estrogen levels in the male body, prevents hair loss and is a preventative against prostate diseases.

Zinc improves brain function and is involved in the functioning of the nervous system. The optimal amount of metal in the body will help avoid insomnia, problems with memory and concentration. The substance helps cope with depression and improves the psycho-emotional background.

The effect of zinc on the female body

Scientists have been able to prove that zinc directly affects the condition of skin and hair. If you experience dry skin, hair loss and breakage, it is most likely that there is a lack of zinc in the body.

The metal is involved in the production of the happiness hormone. If there is a lack of zinc in the body, then depression begins, the mood constantly changes and nothing makes you happy. Zinc has a positive effect on the metabolism of nerve fibers, is responsible for visual acuity and maintains the immune system at the proper level.

Zinc is also required for the full development of the child in the womb. The metal is responsible for reproductive function and ovarian health.

Zinc for children's bodies

The substance helps the child develop properly, prevents diarrhea and protects the body from respiratory infections. Zinc helps prevent the development of serious diseases such as retinal degeneration, osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. It regulates the balance of fats and glucose in the body.

Zinc allows a child to study well, as it stimulates the functioning of the brain. Prevents acne during adolescence.

Zinc for athletes

Zinc for athletes is not only important as an immunomodulator, but also as a substance that plays the role of an antioxidant that helps protect the body from oxidation. It is important for sperm production and helps prevent prostate diseases.

The metal is involved in the metabolism of vitamin A, which is extremely important for the athlete’s body. A deficiency of the substance impedes the process of protein metabolism. It is also necessary for cell division. In addition, the metal is involved in the formation of lactic acid and protects muscle tissue from destruction and the negative effects of radicals that appear during the active consumption of oxygen by the body during physical activity.

The effect of zinc on pregnancy

Since zinc is involved in almost all processes occurring in the body, it is very important during pregnancy so that the fetus inside the womb is formed correctly. Zinc helps reduce the symptoms of toxicosis and is responsible for the correct transfer of genetic information to the baby.

Metal helps the expectant mother to relax and even calm down. Plays an antiviral role and relieves a woman of stress. For this reason, it is recommended to increase the daily dose of zinc during pregnancy to 11-13 mg per day. It should also be remembered that in the first trimester, even more of this substance may be required.

List of products containing zinc

To replenish zinc reserves in the body, you can not only take nutritional supplements, but also adjust your diet. The metal is found in large quantities in the following products:

• seeds, thanks to 150 g of which you can replenish the daily dose of zinc;
• oysters, 100 g of which contain 60 mg of metal;
• nuts, mainly walnuts and pine;
• lean meat, beef, lamb.

And of course these are fruits and berries. Zinc is found in plums, cherries, mangoes, and strawberries.

Symptoms of Zinc Deficiency

In fact, zinc deficiency in the body is quite difficult to suspect. Symptoms of substance deficiency strongly overlap with the symptoms of other diseases and conditions. However, in a number of cases, one can suspect a deficiency of a substance in the body, namely:

• weakening of the immune system, a person begins to often suffer from colds;
• allergies appeared;
• irritable bowel syndrome appeared;
• no anti-diarrhea medications help;
• The hair became too thin and began to fall out.

And another characteristic symptom is inflamed facial skin. Dermatitis, acne and even psoriasis may occur.

Consequences of zinc deficiency

A lack of zinc in the body is primarily dangerous for the reproductive function of men and women. Chronic deficiency can cause hormonal imbalances. For pregnant women, this is a risk of severe postpartum bleeding, since a lack of substance causes weakening of the uterine muscles.

Children are at risk of decreased nervous and mental development. Physically, the child may also lag behind. And the main danger for all ages and genders is decreased immunity.

Why does zinc deficiency occur?

There are several reasons for the appearance of zinc deficiency in the body:

• Stress. Prolonged and severe emotional stress negatively affects the amount of zinc in the body. The longer the depression, the more zinc the body requires.
• Excessive physical activity. It is athletes who most often experience a deficiency of zinc, which is consumed in huge doses during training.
• Elderly people may also suffer from a lack of zinc in the body. This is usually due to malabsorption, that is, the body’s inability to absorb nutrients from food.

Pregnant women also require an increased amount of metal, since it is spent not only on ensuring the vital functions of the expectant mother’s body, but also on the development of the fetus.

Why is excess zinc dangerous?

Excess zinc in the body is extremely rare in life. Most often this happens against the backdrop of a “love” for drinks in zinc-coated containers. Typical symptoms of having too much of this metal in the body include: vomiting, nausea and diarrhea.

If a person is addicted to dietary supplements with this substance and takes them for a long time, then there is a risk of a problem in the form of a decrease in the body’s ability to absorb copper, and symptoms of anemia may also appear.

Interaction of zinc with other drugs

Dietary supplements containing zinc do not combine well with penicillin and tetracycline drugs, diuretics, high blood pressure medications, and digestive enzymes. Zinc does not combine well with vitamins A and PP.

Zinc is a useful microelement that will help maintain a good mood, maintain youthful skin and healthy hair, and support the immune system. However, you should always remember that an overdose of any beneficial substances is just as dangerous for a person as their deficiency.

Source: https://PravilnoyePitaniye.ru/vitaminyi-i-mineralyi/czink-zincum-zn-dlya-chego-nuzhen-organizmu.html

Zinc: production and application

Zinc is a metal that is number 30 on the periodic table and has the designation Zn. It melts at a temperature of 419 °C, but if the boiling point is 913 °C, it begins to turn into steam. At normal temperatures, the condition is fragile, but at one hundred degrees it begins to bend.

The color of zinc is blue-white. When exposed to oxygen, oxidation occurs, as well as a coating of carbonate, which protects the metal from further oxidation reactions. The appearance of hydroxide on zinc means that water has no effect on the chemical element.

Zinc is a chemical element that has its own distinctive properties, advantages and disadvantages. It is widely used in human daily life, in pharmaceuticals and metallurgy.

Zinc

Features of zinc

Metal is necessary and widely used in almost all areas of daily human life.

Mining is mainly carried out in Iran, Kazakhstan, Australia, and Bolivia. In Russia, the manufacturer is OJSC GMK Dalpolimetal.

It is a transition metal, has an oxidation state of +2, a radioactive isotope, a half-life of 244 days.

Aqueous cadmium, zinc and copper arsenate

The element is not mined in its pure form. Contained in ores and minerals: cleiophane, marmatite, wurtzite, zincite. It is necessarily present in an alloy with aluminum, copper, tin, and nickel.

Chemical, physical properties and characteristics of zinc

Zinc is a metal that has a number of properties and characteristics that distinguish it from other elements of the periodic table.

The physical properties of zinc include its state. The main factor is temperature.

If at room temperature it is a brittle material, the density of zinc is 7130 kg/m3 (˃ the density of steel), which practically does not bend, then when raised, it easily bends and is rolled into sheets in factories.

If you take a higher temperature regime, the material acquires a liquid state, and if you raise the temperature by 400-450 °C degrees, then it will simply evaporate. This is uniqueness - changing your condition. If exposed to acids and alkalis, it can crumble, explode, or melt.

Liquid zinc

The formula of zinc is Zn – zinc. The atomic mass of zinc is 65.382 amu.

Electronic formula: the nucleus of a metal atom contains 30 protons, 35 neutrons. There are 4 energy levels in an atom - 30 electrons. (Fig. structure of the zinc atom) 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s2.

The crystal lattice of zinc is a hexagonal crystal system with tightly pressed atoms. Lattice data: A=2.66U, C=4.94.

Mined and not processed material has isotopes 64, 66, 67, electrons 2-8-18-2.

In terms of application, among all the elements of the periodic table, the metal ranks 23rd. In nature, the element appears in the form of sulfide with impurities of lead Pb, cadmium Cd, iron Fe, copper Cu, silver Ag.

Zinc sulfide

Depending on the amount of impurities, the metal is marked.

Zinc production

As mentioned above, there is no pure form of this element in nature. It is mined from other rocks, such as ore - cadmium, gallium, minerals - sphalerite.

The metal is obtained at the factory. Each plant has its own distinctive production features, so the equipment for obtaining pure material is different. It could be like this:

• The rotors, located vertically, are electrolytic.
• Special furnaces with a sufficiently high temperature for firing, as well as special electric furnaces.
• Conveyors and baths for electrolysis.

Depending on the metal mining method adopted, the appropriate equipment is used.

Obtaining pure zinc

As mentioned above, there is no pure species in nature. It is mainly extracted from ores in which it comes with various elements.

To obtain pure material, a special flotation process with selectivity is used. After the process, the ore breaks down into elements: zinc, lead, copper and so on.

The pure metal extracted by this method is fired in a special furnace. There, at certain temperatures, the sulfide state of the material turns into oxide. During roasting, gas containing sulfur is released, which is used to produce sulfuric acid.

Pure zinc

There are 2 ways to obtain metal:

1. Pyrometallurgical - the burning process takes place, after which the resulting mass is restored with the help of black coal and coke. The final process is settling.
2. Electrolytic – the extracted mass is treated with sulfuric acid. The resulting solution is subjected to electrolysis, during which the metal settles and is melted in furnaces.

Smelting zinc in a furnace

The melting temperature of zinc in a furnace is 419-480 °C degrees. If the temperature is exceeded, then the material begins to evaporate. At this temperature, an admixture of iron of 0.05% is allowed.

At an iron interest rate of 0.2, the sheet cannot be rolled.

Various methods are used for smelting pure metal, up to the production of zinc vapor, which is sent to special tanks and there the substance falls down.

Application of metal

The properties of zinc allow its use in many areas. As a percentage:

1. Galvanizing – up to 60%.
2. Medicine – 10%.
3. Various alloys containing this metal 10%.
4. Tire production 10%.
5. Paint production – 10%.

Copper-zinc alloy

The use of zinc is also necessary for the restoration of metals such as gold, silver, and platinum.

Zinc in metallurgy

The metallurgical industry uses this element of the periodic table as the main one to achieve certain goals. The smelting of cast iron and steel is the main one in the entire metallurgy of the country. But these metals are susceptible to negative environmental influences. Without certain treatment, metals rapidly oxidize, which leads to their deterioration. The best protection is galvanizing.

Applying a protective film to cast iron and steel is the best remedy against corrosion. About 40% of the total production of pure material is spent on galvanizing.

Galvanizing methods

Metallurgical plants are distinguished not only by their equipment, but also by the production methods used. It depends on the pricing policy, and location (natural resources used for the metallurgical industry). There are several galvanizing methods, which are discussed below.

Hot galvanizing method

This method involves dipping a metal part in a liquid solution. It happens like this:

1. The part or product is degreased, cleaned, washed and dried.
2. Next, the zinc is melted to a liquid state at temperatures up to 480 °C.
3. The prepared product is lowered into the liquid solution. At the same time, it is well wetted in the solution and a coating up to 450 microns thick is formed. This is 100% protection against the effects of external factors on the product (moisture, direct sunlight, water with chemical impurities).

Hot galvanizing of metal structures

But this method has a number of disadvantages:

• The zinc film on the product results in an uneven layer.
• This method cannot be used for parts that meet exact standards according to GOST. Where every millimeter is considered a defect.
• After hot-dip galvanizing, not every part will remain strong and wear-resistant, since brittleness appears after passing through high temperatures.

This method is also not suitable for products coated with paints and varnishes.

Cold galvanizing

This method has 2 names: galvanic and electrolytic. The method of coating a product with corrosion protection is as follows:

1. The metal part, the product is prepared (degreased, cleaned).
2. After this, the “staining method” is carried out - a special composition is used, which has the main component - zinc.
3. The part is coated with this composition by spraying.

Cold galvanizing

Thanks to this method, parts with precise tolerances and products coated with paints and varnishes are protected. Increases resistance to external factors leading to corrosion.

Disadvantages of this method: thin protective layer - up to 35 microns. This results in less protection and shorter protection periods.

Thermal diffusion method

This method makes a coating that is an electrode with positive polarity, while the metal of the product (steel) becomes negative polarity. An electrochemical protective layer appears.

The method is applicable only if the parts are made of carbon steel, cast iron, or steel with impurities. Zinc is used in the following ways:

1. At temperatures from 290 °C to 450 °C in a powder medium, the surface of the part is saturated with Zn. Here, the marking of the steel, as well as the type of product, matter - the appropriate temperature is selected.
2. The thickness of the protective layer reaches 110 microns.
3. A product made of steel or cast iron is placed in a closed tank.
4. A special mixture is added there.
5. The last step is special treatment of the product to prevent the appearance of white efflorescence from salt water.

Thermal diffusion galvanizing

This method is mainly used when it is necessary to coat parts that have a complex shape: threads, small strokes. The formation of a uniform protective layer is important, since these parts undergo multiple exposures to external aggressive environments (constant moisture).

This method provides the highest percentage of product protection against corrosion. Galvanized coating is wear-resistant and practically indestructible, which is very important for parts that are rotated and disassembled over time.

Other uses of zinc

In addition to galvanizing, the metal is also used in other industries.

1. Zinc sheets. To produce sheets, rolling is performed, in which ductility is important. It depends on the temperature. A temperature of 25 °C gives plasticity only in one plane, which creates certain properties of the metal. The main thing here is why the sheet is made. The higher the temperature, the thinner the metal becomes. Depending on this, the product is marked Ts1, Ts2, Ts3. After this, various products for cars, profiles for construction and repair, for printing, and so on are created from the sheets.
2. Zinc alloys. For improved properties of metal products, zinc is added. These alloys are created at high temperatures in special furnaces. The most commonly produced alloys are copper and aluminum. These alloys are used for the production of bearings and various bushings, which are applicable in mechanical engineering, shipbuilding and aviation.

In household use, a galvanized bucket, trough, and sheets on the roof are the norm. Zinc is used, not chromium or nickel. And it’s not just that galvanizing is cheaper than coating with other materials. This is the most reliable and long-lasting protective material than chrome or other materials used.

As a result, zinc is the most common metal widely used in metallurgy. In mechanical engineering, construction, medicine, the material is used not only as protection against corrosion, but also to increase strength and long service life. In private houses, galvanized sheets protect the roof from precipitation; in buildings, walls and ceilings are lined with plasterboard sheets based on galvanized profiles.

Almost every housewife has a galvanized bucket or trough in her house, which she uses for a long time.

Source: https://stankiexpert.ru/spravochnik/materialovedenie/proizvodstvo-i-primenenie-cinka.html

Zinc. Vital element

The resolution of the conference of the American Society for the Advancement of Science states: “Since the lack of zinc in the human body has a negative effect on his health, impairs the growth and development of the human body and causes many other painful conditions, zinc should be recognized as a vital element for humans.”

The history of the use of zinc as a biologically active mineral goes back to ancient times. Zinc ointment was used for skin diseases and to speed up wound healing back in Ancient Egypt 5000 years ago. However, serious study of the role of this mineral in biological processes began only in the mid-20th century after it was accidentally discovered that rats that had received burns began to heal their wounds much faster when a little zinc was added to their diet.

The value of zinc for humans

Zinc is one of the vital trace elements. It is necessary for the normal functioning of any cell in the body. Normally, the human body should contain about 2-3 g of zinc. Most of it is found in the skin, liver, kidneys, retina, and in men, also in the prostate gland.

Zinc is part of enzymes and complexes that provide the most important physiological functions of the body:

- formation, growth and metabolism (metabolism) of cells, protein synthesis, wound healing;

— activation of immune reactions directed against bacteria, viruses, tumor cells;

- absorption of carbohydrates and fats;

- maintaining and improving memory;

- maintaining taste and olfactory sensitivity;

— ensuring the stability of the retina and the transparency of the lens of the eye;

- normal development and functioning of the genital organs.

Humans receive zinc mainly from food. The body needs 10-15 mg of this mineral per day.

Zinc is less absorbed from grains and legumes than from meat and fish.

Fruits and vegetables are generally low in zinc . So vegetarians and people who eat insufficient amounts of foods containing this micronutrient may develop a deficiency.

Long-term consumption of foods that are too salty or too sweet can also reduce zinc levels in the body.

Lack of zinc is the cause of diseases. Zinc deficiency can be associated not only with poor diet.

Low levels of zinc in the blood are characteristic of a number of diseases. These include atherosclerosis, liver cirrhosis, cancer, heart disease, rheumatism, arthritis, diabetes, gastric and duodenal ulcers, body ulcers, and decreased thyroid function. Taking certain medications, such as certain birth control pills and hormonal medications, and calcium supplements (especially in older women), can also reduce zinc levels in the body.

A lack of zinc in the body is manifested by the following symptoms:

- growth retardation in children,

- late puberty,

- impotence in men and sterility in women,

- poor wound healing,

- irritability and memory loss,

- appearance of acne,

- focal hair loss,

- loss of appetite, taste and smell,

- brittle nails,

- frequent infections

- impaired absorption of vitamins A, C and E,

- increased cholesterol levels.

With zinc deficiency, white spots appear on the nails. This phenomenon is called leukonychia. Often this symptom accompanies increased fatigue, decreased resistance to infectious, allergic and some other diseases.

Zinc in old age

It has been established that with age, the level of zinc in the body decreases. Dizziness, persistent tinnitus, progressive hearing loss, and fragility of skin capillaries, which are common in older people, are all possible consequences of zinc deficiency. Zinc deficiency is also associated with age-related progression of atherosclerosis, weakened immunity and protracted infectious diseases. Therefore, older people need to carefully monitor whether they are getting enough zinc.

Zinc affects memory

Taking zinc in old age improves brain functions: memory, concentration, intelligence, etc.

Zinc for prostate adenoma

Zinc is indicated for enlarged prostate glands (prostate adenoma). It helps reduce it and alleviates the symptoms of the disease. For adenoma, it is recommended to take zinc gluconate, aspartate or picolinate 50 mg 2-3 times a day. And naturopathic doctors advise older men to eat one handful of pumpkin seeds in the morning and evening to prevent and treat the initial stages of this disease.

Zinc and vitamin A

It is known that with a lack of vitamin A, the skin becomes dry and flaky. However, often loading doses of vitamin A do not solve the problem. This happens when the body lacks zinc, which activates the absorption of this vitamin. Therefore, if taking vitamin A does not help restore healthy skin, add foods containing zinc to your diet.

Zinc against acne

Zinc helps get rid of acne. By taking zinc sulfate or aspartate, you can even get rid of old acne that stubbornly resists treatment.

Zinc for rheumatism

It has been established that the level of zinc in the blood of patients with rheumatism and arthritis is lower than in the blood of healthy people. Scientists conducted an interesting experiment. A group of 24 elderly patients with chronic rheumatism with joint deformities were divided into two subgroups.

Half of the patients, in addition to conventional medications, received 50 mg of zinc sulfate for 12 weeks, while others did not receive it. After just 3-5 weeks, those who received zinc felt significantly better: their pain subsided and their joints began to swell less.

After 12 weeks, joint mobility in the morning improved, and patients were able to take long walks. In the control group that did not receive zinc, no noticeable improvements were noted.

Zinc during pregnancy

zinc decreases by about 30% during pregnancy. This can increase the likelihood of miscarriage and premature birth, and cause low birth weight of the newborn. Therefore, it is recommended that pregnant women take 20 mg of zinc complex salt (aspartate or picolinate) daily and eat foods rich in zinc.

Teeth and zinc

Zinc deficiency weakens the resistance of the gums to bacterial penetration, which can result in the development of gingivitis or periodontitis - chronic infectious diseases of the gums. To prevent these diseases, it is useful to regularly rinse your mouth with a diluted aqueous solution of complex zinc salt, and also eat foods rich in this mineral.

Zinc and vision

Animal experiments and clinical studies have found that zinc deficiency interferes with the absorption of glucose by the cells of the lens of the eye and promotes the formation of cataracts. For this disease, doctors advise doing a blood test for zinc content. If the analysis shows that there is little of this microelement in the body, then you should change your diet to include foods high in zinc.

Another eye disease associated with zinc deficiency is retinal macular degeneration. As already mentioned, the concentration of zinc in the retina is higher than in many other organs. It is involved in important biochemical reactions of the retina, and also promotes the absorption of vitamin A, necessary for maintaining vision.

Zinc and male infertility

In male infertility, few sperm are usually produced and/or they are not motile enough. As a result, the likelihood of fertilization of the egg and, therefore, conception is reduced. One of the reasons for infertility, as well as a decrease in the secretion of the male sex hormone - testosterone, can be a deficiency of zinc in the body.

Osteoporosis and zinc deficiency

Zinc enhances the effect of vitamin D and promotes better absorption of calcium, so its deficiency leads to osteoporosis - weakening of bones and increased fragility, especially in older people.

The effect of zinc on cancer tumors

Even a slight lack of zinc in the body can reduce the immune system's ability to fight tumor cells. Patients with lung cancer, prostate cancer and colorectal cancer often have low zinc levels. A zinc-rich diet and taking zinc supplements, such as zinc aspartate or zinc picolinate, 50 mg 3 times a day, are good preventative measures for these serious diseases.

Medicines containing zinc

Suppositories with zinc are used for cracks in the anus and hemorrhoids.

For focal baldness (alopecia areata), 0.02-0.05 g of zinc oxide is prescribed orally 2-3 times a day after meals in tablets and lubricating the affected areas with zinc ointment.

To treat fungal skin diseases, an ointment containing the zinc salt of undecylenic acid is used.

Pharmacies sell zinc medications: zinc sulfate and zinc oxide. Zinc sulfate is used as an antiseptic and astringent for conjunctivitis (0.1-0.5% eye drops) and chronic catarrhal laryngitis (lubrication or spraying with a 0.25-0.5% solution).

Zinc oxide is used externally in the form of powders, ointments, pastes for skin diseases (dermatitis, ulcers, diaper rash, etc.) as an astringent, drying and disinfectant.

Ointments (zinc and zinc-naphthalan), pastes (zinc and zinc-ichthyol), and powders (for children and for sweaty feet) are produced based on zinc oxide.

Scientists continue to work on the development of new medicines and nutritional supplements based on zinc. Recently, the Central Dermatovenerological Institute in Moscow conducted clinical trials of a new zinc-containing drug “Skin-cap”, produced in the form of an aerosol, cream and shampoo.

This drug is intended for the treatment of psoriasis of the scalp and smooth skin, as well as seborrheic dermatitis and eczema. According to experts, the creation of the Skin Cap is a breakthrough in the treatment of such a serious disease as psoriasis.

In Japan, a fundamentally new drug has been created based on zinc for the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers - PolaPreZinc. It relieves ulcers that cannot be treated with other methods.

Now scientists are successfully working on the creation of new zinc-based drugs for the prevention and treatment of prostate adenoma, coronary heart disease and other diseases that are more susceptible to older people.

Physiological need for Zinc, mg per day:

Source: https://health-diet.ru/article/nutrient_vitamins/tsink/

Zinc

 Zinc is a brittle, bluish-white transition metal (tarnishes in air, becoming coated with a thin layer of zinc oxide).
  Essential (irreplaceable) microelement of human tissues. In terms of quantitative ratio in the body, it ranks second, after iron, in place. It plays a key role in the regeneration of damaged tissues, since without zinc the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins is disrupted.

STRUCTURE

Zinc crystals have a hexagonal packing of atoms. But unlike the dense hexagonal packing of spherical atoms, zinc lattices are elongated in one direction. Each atom is surrounded by six other atoms lying in the same plane or layer. The distance between the centers of neighboring atoms in this flat layer is equal to 0.26649 nm. The external electronic configuration of the atom is 3d104s2. Not polymorphic.

PROPERTIES

At room temperature it is fragile; when the plate is bent, a cracking sound is heard from the friction of the crystallites (usually stronger than the “cry of tin”). Has a low melting point. The volume of metal during melting increases in accordance with the decrease in density.

With increasing temperature, the kinetic viscosity and electrical conductivity of zinc decrease and its electrical resistivity increases. At 100-150 °C zinc is plastic. Impurities, even minor ones, dramatically increase the fragility of zinc. Is diamagnetic.

Reserves and production

The average zinc content in the earth's crust is 8.3·10-3%; in basic igneous rocks it is slightly higher (1.3·10-2%) than in acidic rocks (6·10-3%). Zinc is an energetic aquatic migrant; its migration in thermal waters along with lead is especially characteristic.

Zinc sulfides, which are of industrial importance, precipitate from these waters. Zinc also migrates vigorously in surface and underground waters; the main precipitant for it is hydrogen sulfide; sorption by clays and other processes play a lesser role.

Zinc deposits are known in Iran, Australia, Bolivia, and Kazakhstan. In Russia, the largest producer of lead-zinc concentrates is JSC MMC Dalpolimetal

Zinc is extracted from polymetallic ores containing 1-4% Zn in the form of sulfide, as well as Cu, Pb, Ag, Au, Cd, Bi. Ores are enriched by selective flotation, obtaining zinc concentrates (50-60% Zn) and at the same time lead, copper, and sometimes also pyrite concentrates.

The main method of obtaining zinc is electrolytic (hydrometallurgical). Calcined concentrates are treated with sulfuric acid; the resulting sulfate solution is cleaned of impurities (by precipitating them with zinc dust) and subjected to electrolysis in baths tightly lined inside with lead or vinyl plastic.

Zinc is deposited on aluminum cathodes, from which it is removed (stripped off) daily and melted in induction furnaces.

ORIGIN

Zinc does not occur in nature as a native metal. There are 66 known zinc minerals, in particular zincite, sphalerite, willemite, calamine, smithsonite, and franklinite. The most common mineral is sphalerite, or zinc blende. The main component of the mineral is zinc sulfide ZnS, and various impurities give this substance all kinds of colors.

Due to the difficulty of identifying this mineral, it is called blende (ancient Greek σφαλερός - deceptive). Zinc blende is considered the primary mineral from which other minerals of element No. 30 were formed: smithsonite ZnCO3, zincite ZnO, calamine 2ZnO · SiO2 · H2O. In Altai you can often find striped “chipmunk” ore - a mixture of zinc blende and brown spar.

From a distance, a piece of such ore really looks like a hidden striped animal.

APPLICATION

Pure zinc metal is used to recover precious metals mined by underground leaching (gold, silver). In addition, zinc is used to extract silver, gold (and other metals) from crude lead in the form of zinc-silver-gold intermetallic compounds (so-called “silver foam”), which are then processed by conventional refining methods.

It is used to protect steel from corrosion (galvanization of surfaces not subject to mechanical stress, or metallization - for bridges, tanks, metal structures).

Zinc is used as a material for the negative electrode in chemical power sources, that is, in batteries and accumulators.

Zinc plates are widely used in printing, in particular, for printing illustrations in large-circulation publications. For this purpose, zincography has been used since the 19th century - making cliches on a zinc plate by etching the design in it with acid. Impurities, with the exception of a small amount of lead, impair the etching process. Before etching, the zinc plate is annealed and rolled in a heated state.

Zinc is added to many hard solders to reduce their melting point.

Zinc oxide is widely used in medicine as an antiseptic and anti-inflammatory agent. Zinc oxide is also used to produce paint - zinc white.

Zinc is an important component of brass. Zinc alloys with aluminum and magnesium (ZAM, ZAMAK), due to their relatively high mechanical and very high casting qualities, are very widely used in mechanical engineering for precision casting.

In particular, in the arms industry, pistol bolts are sometimes cast from the ZAMAK (-3, −5) alloy, especially those designed for the use of weak or traumatic cartridges.

Also, all kinds of technical accessories are cast from zinc alloys, such as car handles, carburetor bodies, scale models and all kinds of miniatures, as well as any other products that require precise casting with acceptable strength.

Zinc chloride is an important flux for metal soldering and a component in fiber production.

Zinc telluride, selenide, phosphide, and sulfide are widely used semiconductors. Zinc sulfide is an integral part of many phosphors. Zinc phosphide is used as a rodent poison.

Zinc selenide is used to make optical glasses with very low absorption coefficients in the mid-infrared region, such as in carbon dioxide lasers.

Zinc - Zn

Crystallographic properties

Source: http://mineralpro.ru/minerals/zinc/

Zinc (Zn, Zincum)

Zinc in its pure form was first isolated by William Champion in 1738, although brass (an alloy of copper and zinc) was used in Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece (calorizator). Sometimes the discoverer of zinc is the German S. Marggraf, who in 1746 developed a similar method for producing zinc and described it in more detail than Champion.

Zinc owes its name to Paracelsus, in whose works the words zincum and zinken are found, which name the metal, apparently due to the similarity of its crystallites to needles (zinke - tooth).

General characteristics of zinc

Zinc is an element of the secondary subgroup II of group IV of the periodic table of chemical elements D.I. Mendeleev, has an atomic number of 30 and an atomic mass of 65.39. The accepted designation is Zn (from the Latin Zincum).

Being in nature

Zinc is a fairly common element; it is found in the earth’s crust, in almost all water resources of the World Ocean and in many living organisms. Today, more than 60 zinc minerals are known (sphalerite, zincite, calamine, etc.). Large zinc deposits have been discovered in Australia, Bolivia, Iran and Kazakhstan.

Physical and chemical properties

Zinc is a brittle, ductile transition metal, has a white-bluish color, and when exposed to air it becomes coated with a layer of zinc oxide, which leads to tarnishing. At high temperatures it burns, forming white zinc oxide.

Daily requirement for zinc

The body of a healthy adult should receive from 9 to 11 mg of zinc per day, children - a little less, from 2 to 8 mg, women during pregnancy and breastfeeding - from 11 to 13 mg.

Foods rich in zinc

The main suppliers of zinc are food, an important element for the functioning of the body is found in green leafy vegetables, broccoli, cauliflower and radishes, carrots and corn, green onions, beans, peas and lentils, avocados and berries, peanuts, coconut, walnuts and pine nuts , sesame, wheat, oatmeal and rice. Zinc is also present in products of animal origin - pork and lamb, beef and turkey, duck meat and beef tongue, seafood and fish, processed cheese and egg yolk.

Beneficial properties of zinc and its effect on the body

Functions and beneficial properties of zinc:

• participation in the formation of bone tissue,
• diabetes prevention,
• preventing the occurrence of epilepsy,
• ensuring rapid healing of wounds,
• promoting the absorption of vitamin A,
• improvement of hair condition,
• positive effect on a person’s mental abilities,
• prevention of arthritis and rheumatism.

Interaction with others

Zinc is necessary for the metabolism of vitamin E; vitamin A only works in the presence of zinc. Vitamin C and zinc are a good remedy against catarrh and many viral diseases.

Signs of zinc deficiency

A lack of zinc in the human body is characterized by the following symptoms:

• disorders of the gastrointestinal tract,
• brittleness of nails and the appearance of white spots on them,
• exhaustion and hair loss,
• loss of sense of taste and appetite,
• non-healing of small wounds,
• nervousness, fatigue,
• memory loss.

Signs of excess zinc

Excessive zinc content in the human body is usually caused by taking dietary supplements and zinc preparations, and is characterized by headaches, attacks of weakness and nausea.

Uses of zinc in life

Zinc in its pure form is used as a reducer of precious metals, as a protection for steel against corrosion, for the production of batteries, in the printing industry, in medicine, in the production of various alloys, rubber tires and oil paints.

Source: http://www.calorizator.ru/element/zn

Zinc and its alloys - production, properties, types and applications

( 7, : 3.29)

Zinc is a brittle bluish-white metal. It is not found in nature without impurities. In 1738, William Champion obtained pure zinc vapor by condensation. In the periodic table of Mendeleev it is number 30 and is designated by the symbol Zn.

Chemical properties of zinc

Zinc is an active metal. At room temperature it fades and becomes coated with a layer of zinc oxide.

• Reacts with many non-metals: phosphorus, sulfur, oxygen.
• When the temperature rises, it reacts with water and hydrogen sulfide, releasing hydrogen.
• When fused with alkalis, it forms zincates - salts of zinc acid.
• Reacts with sulfuric acid, forming various substances depending on the concentration of the acid.
• When heated strongly, it reacts with many gases: chlorine gas, fluorine, iodine.
• Does not react with nitrogen, carbon and hydrogen.

Physical properties of zinc

Zinc is a hard metal, but becomes ductile at 100–150 °C. At temperatures above 210 °C it may become deformed. The melting point is very low for metals. Despite this, zinc has good electrical conductivity.

• Density - 7.133 g/cm³.
• Thermal conductivity - 116 W/(m K).
• The melting point of zinc is 419.6 °C.
• Boiling point - 906.2 °C.
• The specific heat of evaporation is 114.8 kJ/mol.
• The specific heat of fusion is 7.28 kJ/mol.
• Specific magnetic susceptibility - 0.175·10-6.
• Tensile strength - 200–250 MN/m2.

The detailed chemical composition of various grades of zinc is shown in the table below.

Brand designation	Zinc, no less	Impurity, no more
lead	cadmium	iron	copper	tin	arsenic	aluminum	Total
TsV00	99,997	0,00001	0,002	0,00001	0,00001	0,00001	0,0005	0,00001	0,003
CV0	99,995	0,003	0,002	0,002	0,001	0,001	0,0005	0,005	0,005
CV	99,99	0,005*	0,002	0,003	0,001	0,001	0,0005	0,005	0,01
Ts0A	99,98	0,01	0,003	0,003	0,001	0,001	0,0005	0,005	0,02
Ts0	99,975	0,013	0,004	0,005	0,001	0,001	0,0005	0,005	0,025
C 1	99,95	0,02	0,01	0,01	0,002	0,001	0,0005	0,005	0,05
Ts2	98,7	1,0	0,2	0,05	0,005	0,002	0,01	0,010**	1,3
Ts3	97,5	2,0	0,2	0,1	0,05	0,005	0,01	—	2,5
* In zinc used for the production of TsAM4-1o alloy, the mass fraction of lead should be no more than 0.004%. ** In zinc used for rolling, the mass fraction of aluminum should be no more than 0.005%.

impurities in zinc depend on the production method and the quality of the raw materials.

In Russia, the main percentage of zinc is obtained by the hydrometallurgical method - the metal is reduced from salts in solutions. This method allows you to obtain the purest metal. But some zinc is processed at high temperatures. This method is called pyrometallurgical.

Lead is a special impurity in zinc, since most of it is deposited due to insoluble anodes contained in the metal. Cathode zinc, in addition to all these impurities, consists of chlorine and fluorine.

Zinc alloys

Zinc-based alloys with the addition of copper, magnesium and aluminum have a low melting point and have good fluidity. They are easy to process, weld and solder.

Brass

There are two-component and multi-component brasses.

Two-component brass is a zinc alloy with a high copper content. There is yellow brass with copper in the amount of 67%, golden copper or tombac - 75%, and green - 60%. Such alloys can be deformed at temperatures of 300 °C.

Multicomponent brasses, in addition to the 2 main metals, consist of other additives: nickel, iron, lead or manganese. Each of the elements affects the properties of the alloy.

TsAM

TsAM is a family of zinc alloys. They contain magnesium, aluminum and copper. Such zinc alloys are used in foundries. They contain aluminum in the amount of 4%.

The main area of ​​application of TsAM alloys is zinc die casting. Alloys of this family have low melting points and good casting properties. Their high strength allows the production of durable and complex parts.

Virenium

The alloy consists of zinc (24.5%), copper (70%), nickel (5.5%).

Metal mining

Zinc as a native metal does not occur in nature. It is mined from polymetallic ores containing 1–4% metal in the form of sulfide, as well as copper, lead, gold, silver, bismuth and cadmium. The ores are enriched by selective flotation and zinc concentrates (50–60% Zn) are obtained.

Zinc concentrates are fired in furnaces. Zinc sulfide is converted to ZnO oxide. This releases sulfur dioxide SO2, which is used in the production of sulfuric acid.

Metal production

There are two ways to obtain pure zinc from ZnO oxide.

The most ancient method is distillation. The fired concentrated composition is subjected to heat treatment to give it granularity and gas permeability.

The concentrate is then reduced with coke or coal at a temperature of 1200–1300 °C. The process produces metal vapors, which are condensed and poured into molds. The liquid metal is separated from iron and lead at a temperature of 500 °C. This achieves zinc with a purity of 98.7%.

Sometimes complex and expensive processing of zinc by rectification is used - separation of mixtures due to the exchange of heat between steam and liquid. This cleaning allows you to obtain metal with a purity of 99.995% and remove cadmium.

The second method of producing zinc is electrolytic. The calcined concentrate is treated with sulfuric acid. The finished sulfate solution is cleaned of impurities, after which it is subjected to electrolysis in lead baths. Zinc deposits on aluminum cathodes. The resulting metal is removed from the baths and melted in induction furnaces. After this, electrolytic zinc with a purity of 99.95% is obtained.

Metal casting

Hot zinc is a liquid and flowing metal. Thanks to these properties, it is easily filled into molds.

Impurities affect the amount of surface tension of the zinc. The technological properties of the metal can be improved by adding small amounts of lithium, magnesium, tin, calcium, lead or bismuth.

The higher the overheating temperature of zinc, the better it fills molds. When casting metal into cast iron molds, its volume decreases by 1.6%. This makes it difficult to produce large and long zinc castings.

In medicine

Zinc oxide is used in medicine as an antiseptic. The oxide is added to ointments and other wound healing compounds.

Due to its properties, zinc is widely used in various industries. The metal is in demand due to its relatively low price and good physical properties.

Source: https://ferrolabs.ru/blog/tsink-i-ego-splavy/

The use of zinc and zinc-containing coatings in construction

Zinc has found wide application in the construction industry. Today we can no longer imagine how we could manage without the use of zinc before. Galvanized materials last much longer than non-galvanized ones. At the same time, they are not affected by aggressive environments and such materials are not subject to corrosion.

Let us further consider in more detail the areas of application of zinc, its oxide and the properties of the metal.

Zinc has a special place among many industrial metals. It is one of the young metals.

It began to be produced at the beginning of the 19th century. At that time, production volume was no more than 900 tons per year. Today, the largest producers of zinc are foreign countries (USA, Canada, Australia), which account for 60 million tons per year.

So, what are the industrial uses of zinc?

This video will tell you about the use of zinc:

The main areas of application of zinc are:

1. Production of galvanized steel . This area accounts for half (50%) of the total use of zinc.
2. Manufacturing of bronze and brass . This area accounts for approximately 20-25%.
3. Production of zinc-based alloys.
4. Chemical production . The smallest area of ​​expenditure in terms of volume (only 10%).

Unalloyed zinc is not used as a construction material. For these purposes, it does not have the necessary technological, mechanical and physical properties.

In the case of alloying, the above properties are significantly improved. Therefore, zinc is often used in the manufacture of alloys based on aluminum, copper, lead and brass.

Zinc has several grades. Depending on them, the metal can be used:

• For galvanizing steel.
• For the production of zinc alloys.
• For the production of semi-finished zinc products.
• For the production of zinc compounds.

Metal products

• The most popular in construction and industry are zinc sheets. They come in different thicknesses. The thickness of the thinnest sheet can be 0.15 mm, and the thickest - 1.5 mm or more.
  • Zinc sheets are often used in the production of galvanized cookware, gutters and general pipes.
  • Zinc sheets are also well used for the manufacture of printing plates for printing houses, for the manufacture of chemical power sources and roofing.
• In addition, the most widely used zinc silicate and zinc polymer materials. zinc in them can reach 98%.

  These materials are applied to building structures using special paint coating installations. The result is a very durable coating with excellent insulating properties.

• Special distribution zinc coating obtained from products that must subsequently be used in an aggressive environment.

  That is, zinc coating is successfully used to operate products in sea, river, lake, formation and produced water conditions, when exposed to slightly alkaline solutions, as well as in atmospheric conditions. Zinc coatings have found their application in the construction of tanks, marine vessels, pipelines, offshore platforms and many other structures.

By spraying zinc-containing paints, welded seams are processed on construction sites themselves.

Use in construction

Zinc has been used in construction for many years to protect iron from corrosion. This procedure is called "galvanizing".

The role of galvanizing

Almost the entire building stock is subject to corrosion processes. Speaking in numbers, this is approximately 75%. Knowing this, designers already at the design stage lay down the galvanization procedure or purchase ready-made galvanized products.

Manufacturers did not take this step right away. Increased quality requirements arose after a number of collapses of building structures, which were caused by poor-quality fasteners. The fight against corrosion of metal structures has long been an issue of national importance.

Now the number of galvanized products produced is growing every year. Moreover, for each type of product there are GOSTs, OSTs or technical conditions, which necessarily regulate the galvanization of specific elements.

For example, power lines and road barriers are subject to mandatory galvanization.

Today, the range of galvanized products will please any buyer and manufacturer.

Galvanizing technologies

There are several ways to use zinc on metal surfaces. And then we will talk about technologies and methods for galvanizing metal structures, pipes, hardware, parts, corrugated sheets and other products.

Hot way

This is the most popular galvanizing method. It is successfully used in many countries. As a result of its use, the product receives high quality and excellent performance characteristics. Fifty percent of the steel is galvanized in the form of rolled sheets, approximately forty percent is in finished products, and the remaining ten percent is used for galvanizing pipes and wires.

The essence of the hot method is as follows: a cleaned steel product is immersed in zinc, which is presented in the form of a molten substance. A bond occurs between the metal and the zinc, which leads to the formation of several layers. The coating characteristics (thickness and structure) are affected by the composition of the molten substance.

The hot galvanizing method of metals has its disadvantages.

• In particular, the method is environmentally unsafe, since it uses many chemical components.
• The second disadvantage: the processing process requires constant maintenance of high temperature, and this in turn indicates high energy consumption.

The hot method is most often used to process steel mesh, large-sized building construction elements, as well as roofing coverings.

This video will tell you about hot galvanizing:

The method is used when it is necessary to achieve high surface smoothness. As a result of electrochemical action, zinc is fixed on the surface. Here the metal and zinc merge tightly with each other.

The essence of the galvanic method is as follows: a metal product is immersed in a bath with an electrolyte solution. The product is connected to a current source. As a result of electrolysis, the zinc lies evenly on the part. This processing method is suitable for all types of metal. The result is a very shiny product. In this case, the shine is evenly distributed throughout the entire volume.

The quality of the coating is significantly affected by the frequency of the product. There should be no small debris or various films on it, otherwise the galvanizing will be of poor quality. It is very difficult to maintain surface cleanliness when producing large volumes. The positive aspects of this processing method include a perfectly shiny and smooth surface.

• On the negative side: a large amount of waste that is generated during the cleaning stage. The resulting waste causes severe harm to the environment.
• The second negative side is the mandatory presence of expensive equipment, without which the galvanic processing method cannot be carried out.

Thermal diffusion method

This method is used when it is necessary to obtain a layer thickness of 20 microns. The thermal diffusion method is very similar to hot-dip galvanizing. Only here the processed product is placed in a drum oven.

Due to the rotational movement, a galvanized layer is applied to the product. It takes approximately three hours to complete one complete coat cycle. The thermal diffusion method is mainly used for small hardware such as screws and washers. This method is also used for parts with complex shapes, for elements with blind holes and for threaded products.

The most effective method of processing products is thermal diffusion dyeing. The processing method solves the issue of not only surface corrosion, but internal corrosion. The thermal diffusion method is used to protect reinforcement in lightweight concrete and reinforced concrete floors. It is used for water supply pipes (both cold and hot).

This type of processing has been widely used for a long time. As a result of cold processing, the product is painted with zinc-containing substances. Processing products in this way does not require professional skills from the performer. It also does not require expensive equipment.

But there is one disadvantage of this processing. Finished galvanized products may be subject to mechanical stress. Cold galvanizing is often used for galvanizing pipes.

The cold galvanizing process is discussed in this video:

Source: http://stroyres.net/metallicheskie/vidyi/tsvetnyie/tsink/primenenie-v-stroitelnoy-sfere.html

Zinc oxide is an important compound in industry and medicine.

• Zinc oxide, or oxide, is an inorganic substance that is in demand in various areas of production, in medicine and in everyday life. Formula ZnO. Occurs naturally as the mineral zincite.

  Properties

  White fine crystalline powder, insoluble in water. Sublimes at t +1800 °C, melts at 2000 °C. It has semiconductor properties, low thermal conductivity, and absorbs ultraviolet radiation. Thin films have piezoelectric properties. When heated it turns yellow, after cooling it turns white again. Does not burn. When in contact with skin, it does not cause irritation; on the contrary, it has an anti-inflammatory and disinfecting effect.

  Zinc oxide is an amphoteric oxide that reacts with both acids and alkalis. Reaction with acids leads to the production of salts, and with alkalis - complex compounds of hydroxycinates. Interacts with hydrogen, carbon, ammonia solution, carbon monoxide, methane, calcium carbide, ferrosilicon. As a result of fusion with metal oxides and hydroxides, zincates are obtained, and if the reagent is fused with boron oxide or silicon oxide, zinc borate and silicate are formed.

  Precautionary measures

  Zinc oxide is considered a low-hazard and low-toxic substance, non-flammable and non-explosive, hazard class IV. But dust, suspension, and aerosol of zinc oxide cause irritation of the respiratory tract and “foundry fever.” Ingestion leads to gastrointestinal diseases. In production facilities that deal with large quantities of bulk reagents and brass firing, workers must use respirators, safety glasses, gloves and safety shoes.

  The reagent should be stored in sealed containers (plastic and paper bags or packages; steel, cardboard, plywood barrels and containers), since access to carbon dioxide and moisture from the air can lead to recrystallization into zinc carbonate.

  If, due to long-term improper storage, zinc oxide has nevertheless turned into zinc carbonate, then it can be restored to its original properties by calcining it. Zinc oxide is stored in covered, dry warehouses without access to sunlight.

  The permissible storage temperature range is from -40 to +40 °C.

Applications of Zinc Oxide

— Filler and dye for rubber, polymers, paper; vulcanizing agent for some types of rubbers; catalyst for methanol production; pigment for the paint and varnish industry (zinc white).

— Used in the production of glass and paints based on liquid glass; rust converting compounds; photocatalytic disinfection coatings for walls and ceilings in hospitals; artificial leather, sole rubber.— Filler for creams, ointments, powders and powders in cosmetology and pharmaceuticals. Ingredient in suntan creams, toothpastes. - Mineral additive for animal feed.

— Raw materials in the glass and ceramic industries. — In the electronics industry, varistors (semiconductor elements whose conductivity depends on voltage), phosphors, blue LEDs, powder lasers, thin films for sensors are made from zinc oxide. — In metallurgy — for the manufacture of electrical cables.

— In medicine it is used as an antiseptic, drying, astringent, and adsorbent substance. It is added to many external dermatological products for the treatment of eczema, bedsores, baby heat, herpes simplex, wounds, cuts, burns, ulcers.

— In dentistry, abrasive materials are made and added to dental cement. In surgery, rubber products based on zinc oxide are used.

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Source: https://pcgroup.ru/blog/oksid-tsinka-vazhnoe-v-promyshlennosti-i-meditsine-soedinenie/