Source: https://uznayvse.ru/interesting-facts/samyiy-tverdyiy-metall-v-mire.html
Titanium alloys
Titanium alloys
Titanium alloys
Titanium alloys
Since titanium is a metal with good hardness but low strength, titanium-based alloys have become more widespread in industrial production. Alloys with different grain structures differ in the structure and type of crystal lattice.
They can be obtained by ensuring certain temperature conditions during the production process. And by adding various alloying elements to titanium, it is possible to obtain alloys characterized by higher performance and technological properties.
By adding alloying elements and different types of crystal lattices in titanium-based structures, higher heat resistance and strength . At the same time, the resulting structures are characterized by low density, good anti-corrosion properties and good ductility, which expands the scope of their use.
Characteristics of titanium
Titanium alloy is stronger than pure titanium
Titanium alloy is stronger than pure titanium
Titanium alloy is stronger than pure titanium
Titanium alloy is a special compound based on titanium and a compound of titanium and boron, which is not an ordinary “alloy”, but a special composite material, similar in its structure to a honeycomb of bees or a mosaic. This alloy has a low specific gravity, high corrosion resistance, and hypoallergenicity. Unlike pure titanium, titanium alloy has high strength and hardness.
Description
Advantages
Application
Description:
Source: https://uznayvse.ru/interesting-facts/samyiy-tverdyiy-metall-v-mire.html
Titanium alloys
Since titanium is a metal with good hardness but low strength, titanium-based alloys have become more widespread in industrial production. Alloys with different grain structures differ in the structure and type of crystal lattice.
They can be obtained by ensuring certain temperature conditions during the production process. And by adding various alloying elements to titanium, it is possible to obtain alloys characterized by higher performance and technological properties.
By adding alloying elements and different types of crystal lattices in titanium-based structures, higher heat resistance and strength . At the same time, the resulting structures are characterized by low density, good anti-corrosion properties and good ductility, which expands the scope of their use.
Characteristics of titanium
Titanium alloys
Since titanium is a metal with good hardness but low strength, titanium-based alloys have become more widespread in industrial production. Alloys with different grain structures differ in the structure and type of crystal lattice.
They can be obtained by ensuring certain temperature conditions during the production process. And by adding various alloying elements to titanium, it is possible to obtain alloys characterized by higher performance and technological properties.
By adding alloying elements and different types of crystal lattices in titanium-based structures, higher heat resistance and strength . At the same time, the resulting structures are characterized by low density, good anti-corrosion properties and good ductility, which expands the scope of their use.
Characteristics of titanium
Titanium is a lightweight metal that combines high hardness and low strength , making it difficult to process. The melting point of this material is on average 1665°C . The material is characterized by low density (4.5 g/cm3) and good anti-corrosion ability.
An oxide film several nm thick is formed on the surface of the material, which eliminates corrosion processes of titanium in sea and fresh water, atmosphere, oxidation under the influence of organic acids, cavitation processes and in structures under tension.
In its normal state, the material does not have heat resistance; it is characterized by the phenomenon of creep at room temperatures. However, in cold and deep cold conditions the material is characterized by high strength characteristics.
Titanium has a low elastic modulus, which limits its use for structures that require rigidity. In its pure state, the metal has high anti-radiation characteristics and does not have magnetic properties.
Titanium is characterized by good plastic properties and can be easily processed at room temperatures and above. Welded seams made of titanium and its compounds have ductility and strength.
However, the material is characterized by intense gas absorption processes when in an unstable chemical state that occurs when the temperature rises.
Titanium, depending on the gas with which it is combined, forms hydride, oxide, and carbide compounds that have a negative effect on its technological properties.
The material is characterized by poor adaptability to cutting sticks to the tool for a short period of time , which reduces its service life. It is possible to carry out machining of titanium by cutting using intensive cooling at high feeds, at low processing speeds and a significant depth of cut. In addition, high-speed steel is selected as a processing tool.
The material is characterized by high chemical activity, which necessitates the use of inert gases when carrying out smelting, titanium casting or arc welding. During use, titanium products must be protected from possible absorption of gases when operating temperatures are likely to increase.
Structures based on titanium with the addition of alloying elements such as:
- aluminum,
- copper,
- iron,
- nickel,
- molybdenum,
- tin,
- vanadium,
- chromium,
- zirconium.
Structures obtained by deforming titanium group alloys are used for the manufacture of products undergoing mechanical processing.
According to strength they are distinguished:
- High-strength materials, the strength of which is more than 1000 MPa;
- Structures with average strength, ranging from 500 to 1000 MPa;
- Low-strength materials, with a strength below 500MPa.
By area of use:
- Structures that are corrosion resistant.
- Construction materials;
- Heat-resistant structures;
- Structures with high resistance to cold.
Types of alloys
Titanium alloy is stronger than pure titanium
Titanium alloy is a special compound based on titanium and a compound of titanium and boron, which is not an ordinary “alloy”, but a special composite material, similar in its structure to a honeycomb of bees or a mosaic. This alloy has a low specific gravity, high corrosion resistance, and hypoallergenicity. Unlike pure titanium, titanium alloy has high strength and hardness.
Description
Advantages
Application
Description:
Titanium alloy, or more precisely, the titanium-titanium boron composite, like pure titanium, has a low specific gravity, high corrosion resistance, and hypoallergenicity. Unlike pure titanium, titanium alloy has high strength and hardness.
The main disadvantage of titanium is its relatively low hardness, which does not allow titanium to be used as a base for cutting tools or other devices and products that require materials that resist deformation well.
Titanium alloy is a special compound based on titanium and a compound of titanium and boron, which is not an ordinary “alloy”, but a special composite material, similar in its structure to a honeycomb of bees or a mosaic.
The components of this material perform different functions. In particular, the walls of the “honeycomb” of this composite material consist of titanium boride, a stronger and harder material, and the voids between them are filled with ordinary titanium, softer and more flexible than the boron-titanium compound.
Such a very strong and at the same time plastic material based on honeycombs can be obtained by sintering a mixture of titanium and titanium diboride powders at temperatures of approximately 1000 °C. Under such conditions, titanium boride matrices can be processed and deformed without the formation of cracks in their structure.
Advantages:
Source: https://uznayvse.ru/interesting-facts/samyiy-tverdyiy-metall-v-mire.html
Titanium alloys
Titanium alloys
Since titanium is a metal with good hardness but low strength, titanium-based alloys have become more widespread in industrial production. Alloys with different grain structures differ in the structure and type of crystal lattice.
They can be obtained by ensuring certain temperature conditions during the production process. And by adding various alloying elements to titanium, it is possible to obtain alloys characterized by higher performance and technological properties.
By adding alloying elements and different types of crystal lattices in titanium-based structures, higher heat resistance and strength . At the same time, the resulting structures are characterized by low density, good anti-corrosion properties and good ductility, which expands the scope of their use.
Characteristics of titanium
Characteristics of titanium
Titanium is a lightweight metal that combines high hardness and low strength , making it difficult to process. The melting point of this material is on average 1665°C . The material is characterized by low density (4.5 g/cm3) and good anti-corrosion ability.
An oxide film several nm thick is formed on the surface of the material, which eliminates corrosion processes of titanium in sea and fresh water, atmosphere, oxidation under the influence of organic acids, cavitation processes and in structures under tension.
In its normal state, the material does not have heat resistance; it is characterized by the phenomenon of creep at room temperatures. However, in cold and deep cold conditions the material is characterized by high strength characteristics.
Titanium has a low elastic modulus, which limits its use for structures that require rigidity. In its pure state, the metal has high anti-radiation characteristics and does not have magnetic properties.
Titanium is characterized by good plastic properties and can be easily processed at room temperatures and above. Welded seams made of titanium and its compounds have ductility and strength.
However, the material is characterized by intense gas absorption processes when in an unstable chemical state that occurs when the temperature rises.
Titanium, depending on the gas with which it is combined, forms hydride, oxide, and carbide compounds that have a negative effect on its technological properties.
The material is characterized by poor adaptability to cutting sticks to the tool for a short period of time , which reduces its service life. It is possible to carry out machining of titanium by cutting using intensive cooling at high feeds, at low processing speeds and a significant depth of cut. In addition, high-speed steel is selected as a processing tool.
The material is characterized by high chemical activity, which necessitates the use of inert gases when carrying out smelting, titanium casting or arc welding. During use, titanium products must be protected from possible absorption of gases when operating temperatures are likely to increase.
Structures based on titanium with the addition of alloying elements such as:
- aluminum,
- copper,
- iron,
- nickel,
- molybdenum,
- tin,
- vanadium,
- chromium,
- zirconium.
Structures obtained by deforming titanium group alloys are used for the manufacture of products undergoing mechanical processing.
According to strength they are distinguished:
- High-strength materials, the strength of which is more than 1000 MPa;
- Structures with average strength, ranging from 500 to 1000 MPa;
- Low-strength materials, with a strength below 500MPa.
By area of use:
- Structures that are corrosion resistant.
- Construction materials;
- Heat-resistant structures;
- Structures with high resistance to cold.
Types of alloys
Types of alloys
According to the alloying elements included in the composition, six main types of alloys are distinguished.
Alloys type α-alloys
Alloys type α-alloys
Alloys of the type α-alloys based on titanium with the use of aluminum, tin, zirconium, and oxygen are characterized by good weldability, a decrease in the solidification limit of titanium and an increase in its fluidity .
These properties make it possible to use so-called α-alloys to produce blanks using the shaped method or when casting parts .
The resulting products of this type have high thermal resistance, which allows them to be used for the manufacture of critical parts operating at temperature conditions up to 400°C .
With minimal amounts of alloying elements, the compounds are called technical titanium. It is characterized by good thermal stability, and has excellent welding characteristics when carrying out welding work on various machines.
The material has satisfactory cutting characteristics. It is not recommended to increase strength for alloys of this type using heat treatment; materials of this type are used after annealing.
Alloys containing zirconium have the highest cost and are highly manufacturable.
The forms of supply of the alloy are presented in the form of wire, pipes, rolled bars, and forgings.
The most used material of this class is the VT5-1 alloy , characterized by medium strength, heat resistance up to 450°C and excellent characteristics when operating at low and ultra-low temperatures.
It is not practiced to strengthen this alloy by thermal methods, but its use at low temperatures requires a minimum amount of alloying materials.
Alloys type β-alloys
Alloys type β-alloys
β-type alloys are obtained by alloying titanium with vanadium, molybdenum, nickel, and the resulting structures are characterized by an increase in strength in the range from room to negative temperatures compared to α-alloys. When using them, the heat resistance of the material and its temperature stability increase, but at the same time there is a decrease in the plastic characteristics of the alloys of this group.
To obtain stable characteristics, alloys of this group must be alloyed with a significant amount of these elements. Based on the high cost of these materials, the structures of this group have not received wide industrial distribution.
Alloys of this group are characterized by resistance to creep, the ability to increase strength in various ways, and the possibility of mechanical processing.
However, with an increase in operating temperature to 300°C, alloys of this group become brittle .
Pseudo α-alloys
Pseudo α-alloys
Pseudo α-alloys , most of the alloying elements of which are α-phase components with the addition of up to 5% elements of the β group . The presence of the β-phase in alloys adds the property of plasticity to the advantages of the α-group alloying elements. An increase in the heat resistance of alloys of this group is achieved by using aluminum, silicon and zirconium.
The last of these elements has a positive effect on the dissolution of the β-phase in the alloy structure. However, these alloys are also characterized by disadvantages , including good absorption of hydrogen by titanium and the formation of hydrides, with the possibility of hydrogen embrittlement.
Hydrogen is fixed in the compound in the form of a hydride phase, reduces the viscosity and plastic characteristics of the alloy and increases the brittleness of the joint. One of the most common materials in this group is VT18 titanium alloy , which has heat resistance up to 600°C and has good ductility characteristics.
The listed properties make it possible to use the material for the manufacture of compressor parts in the aircraft industry . Thermal treatment of the material includes annealing at temperatures of about 1000°C with further air cooling or double annealing, which increases its tensile strength by 15%.
Pseudo β-alloys
Pseudo β-alloys
Pseudo β-alloys are characterized by the presence of only the β-phase after quenching or normalization. In the annealed state, the structure of these alloys is represented by the α phase with a significant amount of alloying components of the β group . These alloys are characterized by the highest specific strength among titanium compounds and have low thermal resistance.
In addition, alloys of this group are slightly susceptible to brittleness when exposed to hydrogen, but they are highly sensitive to carbon and oxygen, which reduces the ductile and ductile properties of the alloy. These alloys are characterized by poor weldability, a wide range of mechanical characteristics caused by the heterogeneity of the composition and low stability when operating at high temperatures .
The form of release of the alloy is represented by sheets, forgings, rods and strip metal, with recommended use for a long time at temperatures not exceeding 350°C. An example of such an alloy is VT 35 , which is characterized by pressure treatment when exposed to temperature. After hardening, the material is characterized by high plastic characteristics and the ability to deform in a cold state.
Carrying out the aging operation for this alloy causes repeated strengthening in the presence of high viscosity.
Alloys type α+β
Alloys type α+β
Alloys of the α+β type with possible inclusions of intermetallic compounds are characterized by less brittleness when exposed to hydrites compared to alloys of groups 1 and 3. In addition, they are characterized by greater manufacturability and ease of processing using various methods compared to α-group alloys.
When welding using this type of material, annealing is required after the operation is completed to increase the ductility of the weld. Materials in this group are manufactured in the form of strips, sheet metal, forgings, stampings and rods.
The most common material in this group is the VT6 alloy , which is characterized by good deformability during heat treatment and a reduced likelihood of hydrogen embrittlement. This material is used to produce load-bearing parts for aircraft and heat-resistant products for engine compressors in aviation.
The use of annealed or heat-strengthened VT6 alloys is practiced. For example, thin-walled profile parts or sheet blanks are annealed at a temperature of 800°C, then cooled in air or left in a furnace.
Titanium alloys based on intermetallic compounds
Titanium alloys based on intermetallic compounds
Intermetallic compounds are an alloy of two metals, one of which is titanium.
Receiving products
Receiving products
Structures obtained by casting, carried out in special metal molds under conditions of limited access to active gases, taking into account the high activity of titanium alloys with increasing temperature.
Alloys produced by casting have worse properties compared to alloys produced by deformation.
Heat treatment to increase strength is not carried out for alloys of this type, since it has a significant impact on the ductility of these structures.
Source: http://zewerok.ru/titanovye-splavy/
Titanium alloy is stronger than pure titanium
Titanium alloy is stronger than pure titanium
Titanium alloy is a special compound based on titanium and a compound of titanium and boron, which is not an ordinary “alloy”, but a special composite material, similar in its structure to a honeycomb of bees or a mosaic. This alloy has a low specific gravity, high corrosion resistance, and hypoallergenicity. Unlike pure titanium, titanium alloy has high strength and hardness.
Description
Advantages
Application
Description:
Description:
Titanium alloy, or more precisely, the titanium-titanium boron composite, like pure titanium, has a low specific gravity, high corrosion resistance, and hypoallergenicity. Unlike pure titanium, titanium alloy has high strength and hardness.
The main disadvantage of titanium is its relatively low hardness, which does not allow titanium to be used as a base for cutting tools or other devices and products that require materials that resist deformation well.
Titanium alloy is a special compound based on titanium and a compound of titanium and boron, which is not an ordinary “alloy”, but a special composite material, similar in its structure to a honeycomb of bees or a mosaic.
The components of this material perform different functions. In particular, the walls of the “honeycomb” of this composite material consist of titanium boride, a stronger and harder material, and the voids between them are filled with ordinary titanium, softer and more flexible than the boron-titanium compound.
Such a very strong and at the same time plastic material based on honeycombs can be obtained by sintering a mixture of titanium and titanium diboride powders at temperatures of approximately 1000 °C. Under such conditions, titanium boride matrices can be processed and deformed without the formation of cracks in their structure.
Advantages:
Source: https://uznayvse.ru/interesting-facts/samyiy-tverdyiy-metall-v-mire.html
Titanium alloys
Since titanium is a metal with good hardness but low strength, titanium-based alloys have become more widespread in industrial production. Alloys with different grain structures differ in the structure and type of crystal lattice.
They can be obtained by ensuring certain temperature conditions during the production process. And by adding various alloying elements to titanium, it is possible to obtain alloys characterized by higher performance and technological properties.
By adding alloying elements and different types of crystal lattices in titanium-based structures, higher heat resistance and strength . At the same time, the resulting structures are characterized by low density, good anti-corrosion properties and good ductility, which expands the scope of their use.
Characteristics of titanium
Titanium is a lightweight metal that combines high hardness and low strength , making it difficult to process. The melting point of this material is on average 1665°C . The material is characterized by low density (4.5 g/cm3) and good anti-corrosion ability.
An oxide film several nm thick is formed on the surface of the material, which eliminates corrosion processes of titanium in sea and fresh water, atmosphere, oxidation under the influence of organic acids, cavitation processes and in structures under tension.
In its normal state, the material does not have heat resistance; it is characterized by the phenomenon of creep at room temperatures. However, in cold and deep cold conditions the material is characterized by high strength characteristics.
Titanium has a low elastic modulus, which limits its use for structures that require rigidity. In its pure state, the metal has high anti-radiation characteristics and does not have magnetic properties.
Titanium is characterized by good plastic properties and can be easily processed at room temperatures and above. Welded seams made of titanium and its compounds have ductility and strength.
However, the material is characterized by intense gas absorption processes when in an unstable chemical state that occurs when the temperature rises.
Titanium, depending on the gas with which it is combined, forms hydride, oxide, and carbide compounds that have a negative effect on its technological properties.
The material is characterized by poor adaptability to cutting sticks to the tool for a short period of time , which reduces its service life. It is possible to carry out machining of titanium by cutting using intensive cooling at high feeds, at low processing speeds and a significant depth of cut. In addition, high-speed steel is selected as a processing tool.
The material is characterized by high chemical activity, which necessitates the use of inert gases when carrying out smelting, titanium casting or arc welding. During use, titanium products must be protected from possible absorption of gases when operating temperatures are likely to increase.
Structures based on titanium with the addition of alloying elements such as:
- aluminum,
- copper,
- iron,
- nickel,
- molybdenum,
- tin,
- vanadium,
- chromium,
- zirconium.
Structures obtained by deforming titanium group alloys are used for the manufacture of products undergoing mechanical processing.
According to strength they are distinguished:
- High-strength materials, the strength of which is more than 1000 MPa;
- Structures with average strength, ranging from 500 to 1000 MPa;
- Low-strength materials, with a strength below 500MPa.
By area of use:
- Structures that are corrosion resistant.
- Construction materials;
- Heat-resistant structures;
- Structures with high resistance to cold.
Types of alloys
According to the alloying elements included in the composition, six main types of alloys are distinguished.
Alloys type α-alloys
Alloys of the type α-alloys based on titanium with the use of aluminum, tin, zirconium, and oxygen are characterized by good weldability, a decrease in the solidification limit of titanium and an increase in its fluidity .
These properties make it possible to use so-called α-alloys to produce blanks using the shaped method or when casting parts .
The resulting products of this type have high thermal resistance, which allows them to be used for the manufacture of critical parts operating at temperature conditions up to 400°C .
With minimal amounts of alloying elements, the compounds are called technical titanium. It is characterized by good thermal stability, and has excellent welding characteristics when carrying out welding work on various machines.
The material has satisfactory cutting characteristics. It is not recommended to increase strength for alloys of this type using heat treatment; materials of this type are used after annealing.
Alloys containing zirconium have the highest cost and are highly manufacturable.
The forms of supply of the alloy are presented in the form of wire, pipes, rolled bars, and forgings.
The most used material of this class is the VT5-1 alloy , characterized by medium strength, heat resistance up to 450°C and excellent characteristics when operating at low and ultra-low temperatures.
It is not practiced to strengthen this alloy by thermal methods, but its use at low temperatures requires a minimum amount of alloying materials.
Alloys type β-alloys
β-type alloys are obtained by alloying titanium with vanadium, molybdenum, nickel, and the resulting structures are characterized by an increase in strength in the range from room to negative temperatures compared to α-alloys. When using them, the heat resistance of the material and its temperature stability increase, but at the same time there is a decrease in the plastic characteristics of the alloys of this group.
To obtain stable characteristics, alloys of this group must be alloyed with a significant amount of these elements. Based on the high cost of these materials, the structures of this group have not received wide industrial distribution.
Alloys of this group are characterized by resistance to creep, the ability to increase strength in various ways, and the possibility of mechanical processing.
However, with an increase in operating temperature to 300°C, alloys of this group become brittle .
Pseudo α-alloys
Pseudo α-alloys , most of the alloying elements of which are α-phase components with the addition of up to 5% elements of the β group . The presence of the β-phase in alloys adds the property of plasticity to the advantages of the α-group alloying elements. An increase in the heat resistance of alloys of this group is achieved by using aluminum, silicon and zirconium.
The last of these elements has a positive effect on the dissolution of the β-phase in the alloy structure. However, these alloys are also characterized by disadvantages , including good absorption of hydrogen by titanium and the formation of hydrides, with the possibility of hydrogen embrittlement.
Hydrogen is fixed in the compound in the form of a hydride phase, reduces the viscosity and plastic characteristics of the alloy and increases the brittleness of the joint. One of the most common materials in this group is VT18 titanium alloy , which has heat resistance up to 600°C and has good ductility characteristics.
The listed properties make it possible to use the material for the manufacture of compressor parts in the aircraft industry . Thermal treatment of the material includes annealing at temperatures of about 1000°C with further air cooling or double annealing, which increases its tensile strength by 15%.
Pseudo β-alloys
Pseudo β-alloys are characterized by the presence of only the β-phase after quenching or normalization. In the annealed state, the structure of these alloys is represented by the α phase with a significant amount of alloying components of the β group . These alloys are characterized by the highest specific strength among titanium compounds and have low thermal resistance.
In addition, alloys of this group are slightly susceptible to brittleness when exposed to hydrogen, but they are highly sensitive to carbon and oxygen, which reduces the ductile and ductile properties of the alloy. These alloys are characterized by poor weldability, a wide range of mechanical characteristics caused by the heterogeneity of the composition and low stability when operating at high temperatures .
The form of release of the alloy is represented by sheets, forgings, rods and strip metal, with recommended use for a long time at temperatures not exceeding 350°C. An example of such an alloy is VT 35 , which is characterized by pressure treatment when exposed to temperature. After hardening, the material is characterized by high plastic characteristics and the ability to deform in a cold state.
Carrying out the aging operation for this alloy causes repeated strengthening in the presence of high viscosity.
Alloys type α+β
Alloys of the α+β type with possible inclusions of intermetallic compounds are characterized by less brittleness when exposed to hydrites compared to alloys of groups 1 and 3. In addition, they are characterized by greater manufacturability and ease of processing using various methods compared to α-group alloys.
When welding using this type of material, annealing is required after the operation is completed to increase the ductility of the weld. Materials in this group are manufactured in the form of strips, sheet metal, forgings, stampings and rods.
The most common material in this group is the VT6 alloy , which is characterized by good deformability during heat treatment and a reduced likelihood of hydrogen embrittlement. This material is used to produce load-bearing parts for aircraft and heat-resistant products for engine compressors in aviation.
The use of annealed or heat-strengthened VT6 alloys is practiced. For example, thin-walled profile parts or sheet blanks are annealed at a temperature of 800°C, then cooled in air or left in a furnace.
Titanium alloys based on intermetallic compounds
Intermetallic compounds are an alloy of two metals, one of which is titanium.
Receiving products
Structures obtained by casting, carried out in special metal molds under conditions of limited access to active gases, taking into account the high activity of titanium alloys with increasing temperature.
Alloys produced by casting have worse properties compared to alloys produced by deformation.
Heat treatment to increase strength is not carried out for alloys of this type, since it has a significant impact on the ductility of these structures.
Source: http://zewerok.ru/titanovye-splavy/
Titanium alloy is stronger than pure titanium
Titanium alloy is a special compound based on titanium and a compound of titanium and boron, which is not an ordinary “alloy”, but a special composite material, similar in its structure to a honeycomb of bees or a mosaic. This alloy has a low specific gravity, high corrosion resistance, and hypoallergenicity. Unlike pure titanium, titanium alloy has high strength and hardness.
Description
Advantages
Application
Description:
Titanium alloy, or more precisely, the titanium-titanium boron composite, like pure titanium, has a low specific gravity, high corrosion resistance, and hypoallergenicity. Unlike pure titanium, titanium alloy has high strength and hardness.
The main disadvantage of titanium is its relatively low hardness, which does not allow titanium to be used as a base for cutting tools or other devices and products that require materials that resist deformation well.
Titanium alloy is a special compound based on titanium and a compound of titanium and boron, which is not an ordinary “alloy”, but a special composite material, similar in its structure to a honeycomb of bees or a mosaic.
The components of this material perform different functions. In particular, the walls of the “honeycomb” of this composite material consist of titanium boride, a stronger and harder material, and the voids between them are filled with ordinary titanium, softer and more flexible than the boron-titanium compound.
Such a very strong and at the same time plastic material based on honeycombs can be obtained by sintering a mixture of titanium and titanium diboride powders at temperatures of approximately 1000 °C. Under such conditions, titanium boride matrices can be processed and deformed without the formation of cracks in their structure.
Source: https://uznayvse.ru/interesting-facts/samyiy-tverdyiy-metall-v-mire.html
Titanium alloys
Titanium alloys
Since titanium is a metal with good hardness but low strength, titanium-based alloys have become more widespread in industrial production. Alloys with different grain structures differ in the structure and type of crystal lattice.
They can be obtained by ensuring certain temperature conditions during the production process. And by adding various alloying elements to titanium, it is possible to obtain alloys characterized by higher performance and technological properties.
By adding alloying elements and different types of crystal lattices in titanium-based structures, higher heat resistance and strength . At the same time, the resulting structures are characterized by low density, good anti-corrosion properties and good ductility, which expands the scope of their use.
Characteristics of titanium
Characteristics of titanium
Titanium is a lightweight metal that combines high hardness and low strength , making it difficult to process. The melting point of this material is on average 1665°C . The material is characterized by low density (4.5 g/cm3) and good anti-corrosion ability.
An oxide film several nm thick is formed on the surface of the material, which eliminates corrosion processes of titanium in sea and fresh water, atmosphere, oxidation under the influence of organic acids, cavitation processes and in structures under tension.
In its normal state, the material does not have heat resistance; it is characterized by the phenomenon of creep at room temperatures. However, in cold and deep cold conditions the material is characterized by high strength characteristics.
Titanium has a low elastic modulus, which limits its use for structures that require rigidity. In its pure state, the metal has high anti-radiation characteristics and does not have magnetic properties.
Titanium is characterized by good plastic properties and can be easily processed at room temperatures and above. Welded seams made of titanium and its compounds have ductility and strength.
However, the material is characterized by intense gas absorption processes when in an unstable chemical state that occurs when the temperature rises.
Titanium, depending on the gas with which it is combined, forms hydride, oxide, and carbide compounds that have a negative effect on its technological properties.
The material is characterized by poor adaptability to cutting sticks to the tool for a short period of time , which reduces its service life. It is possible to carry out machining of titanium by cutting using intensive cooling at high feeds, at low processing speeds and a significant depth of cut. In addition, high-speed steel is selected as a processing tool.
The material is characterized by high chemical activity, which necessitates the use of inert gases when carrying out smelting, titanium casting or arc welding. During use, titanium products must be protected from possible absorption of gases when operating temperatures are likely to increase.
Structures based on titanium with the addition of alloying elements such as:
- aluminum,
- copper,
- iron,
- nickel,
- molybdenum,
- tin,
- vanadium,
- chromium,
- zirconium.
Structures obtained by deforming titanium group alloys are used for the manufacture of products undergoing mechanical processing.
According to strength they are distinguished:
- High-strength materials, the strength of which is more than 1000 MPa;
- Structures with average strength, ranging from 500 to 1000 MPa;
- Low-strength materials, with a strength below 500MPa.
By area of use:
- Structures that are corrosion resistant.
- Construction materials;
- Heat-resistant structures;
- Structures with high resistance to cold.
Types of alloys
Types of alloys
According to the alloying elements included in the composition, six main types of alloys are distinguished.
Alloys type α-alloys
Alloys type α-alloys
Alloys of the type α-alloys based on titanium with the use of aluminum, tin, zirconium, and oxygen are characterized by good weldability, a decrease in the solidification limit of titanium and an increase in its fluidity .
These properties make it possible to use so-called α-alloys to produce blanks using the shaped method or when casting parts .
The resulting products of this type have high thermal resistance, which allows them to be used for the manufacture of critical parts operating at temperature conditions up to 400°C .
With minimal amounts of alloying elements, the compounds are called technical titanium. It is characterized by good thermal stability, and has excellent welding characteristics when carrying out welding work on various machines.
The material has satisfactory cutting characteristics. It is not recommended to increase strength for alloys of this type using heat treatment; materials of this type are used after annealing.
Alloys containing zirconium have the highest cost and are highly manufacturable.
The forms of supply of the alloy are presented in the form of wire, pipes, rolled bars, and forgings.
The most used material of this class is the VT5-1 alloy , characterized by medium strength, heat resistance up to 450°C and excellent characteristics when operating at low and ultra-low temperatures.
It is not practiced to strengthen this alloy by thermal methods, but its use at low temperatures requires a minimum amount of alloying materials.
Alloys type β-alloys
Alloys type β-alloys
β-type alloys are obtained by alloying titanium with vanadium, molybdenum, nickel, and the resulting structures are characterized by an increase in strength in the range from room to negative temperatures compared to α-alloys. When using them, the heat resistance of the material and its temperature stability increase, but at the same time there is a decrease in the plastic characteristics of the alloys of this group.
To obtain stable characteristics, alloys of this group must be alloyed with a significant amount of these elements. Based on the high cost of these materials, the structures of this group have not received wide industrial distribution.
Alloys of this group are characterized by resistance to creep, the ability to increase strength in various ways, and the possibility of mechanical processing.
However, with an increase in operating temperature to 300°C, alloys of this group become brittle .
Pseudo α-alloys
Pseudo α-alloys
Pseudo α-alloys , most of the alloying elements of which are α-phase components with the addition of up to 5% elements of the β group . The presence of the β-phase in alloys adds the property of plasticity to the advantages of the α-group alloying elements. An increase in the heat resistance of alloys of this group is achieved by using aluminum, silicon and zirconium.
The last of these elements has a positive effect on the dissolution of the β-phase in the alloy structure. However, these alloys are also characterized by disadvantages , including good absorption of hydrogen by titanium and the formation of hydrides, with the possibility of hydrogen embrittlement.
Hydrogen is fixed in the compound in the form of a hydride phase, reduces the viscosity and plastic characteristics of the alloy and increases the brittleness of the joint. One of the most common materials in this group is VT18 titanium alloy , which has heat resistance up to 600°C and has good ductility characteristics.
The listed properties make it possible to use the material for the manufacture of compressor parts in the aircraft industry . Thermal treatment of the material includes annealing at temperatures of about 1000°C with further air cooling or double annealing, which increases its tensile strength by 15%.
Pseudo β-alloys
Pseudo β-alloys
Pseudo β-alloys are characterized by the presence of only the β-phase after quenching or normalization. In the annealed state, the structure of these alloys is represented by the α phase with a significant amount of alloying components of the β group . These alloys are characterized by the highest specific strength among titanium compounds and have low thermal resistance.
In addition, alloys of this group are slightly susceptible to brittleness when exposed to hydrogen, but they are highly sensitive to carbon and oxygen, which reduces the ductile and ductile properties of the alloy. These alloys are characterized by poor weldability, a wide range of mechanical characteristics caused by the heterogeneity of the composition and low stability when operating at high temperatures .
The form of release of the alloy is represented by sheets, forgings, rods and strip metal, with recommended use for a long time at temperatures not exceeding 350°C. An example of such an alloy is VT 35 , which is characterized by pressure treatment when exposed to temperature. After hardening, the material is characterized by high plastic characteristics and the ability to deform in a cold state.
Carrying out the aging operation for this alloy causes repeated strengthening in the presence of high viscosity.
Alloys type α+β
Alloys type α+β
Alloys of the α+β type with possible inclusions of intermetallic compounds are characterized by less brittleness when exposed to hydrites compared to alloys of groups 1 and 3. In addition, they are characterized by greater manufacturability and ease of processing using various methods compared to α-group alloys.
When welding using this type of material, annealing is required after the operation is completed to increase the ductility of the weld. Materials in this group are manufactured in the form of strips, sheet metal, forgings, stampings and rods.
The most common material in this group is the VT6 alloy , which is characterized by good deformability during heat treatment and a reduced likelihood of hydrogen embrittlement. This material is used to produce load-bearing parts for aircraft and heat-resistant products for engine compressors in aviation.
The use of annealed or heat-strengthened VT6 alloys is practiced. For example, thin-walled profile parts or sheet blanks are annealed at a temperature of 800°C, then cooled in air or left in a furnace.
Titanium alloys based on intermetallic compounds
Titanium alloys based on intermetallic compounds
Intermetallic compounds are an alloy of two metals, one of which is titanium.
Receiving products
Receiving products
Structures obtained by casting, carried out in special metal molds under conditions of limited access to active gases, taking into account the high activity of titanium alloys with increasing temperature.
Alloys produced by casting have worse properties compared to alloys produced by deformation.
Heat treatment to increase strength is not carried out for alloys of this type, since it has a significant impact on the ductility of these structures.
Source: http://zewerok.ru/titanovye-splavy/
Titanium alloy is stronger than pure titanium
Titanium alloy is stronger than pure titanium
Titanium alloy is a special compound based on titanium and a compound of titanium and boron, which is not an ordinary “alloy”, but a special composite material, similar in its structure to a honeycomb of bees or a mosaic. This alloy has a low specific gravity, high corrosion resistance, and hypoallergenicity. Unlike pure titanium, titanium alloy has high strength and hardness.
Description
Advantages
Application
Description:
Description:
Titanium alloy, or more precisely, the titanium-titanium boron composite, like pure titanium, has a low specific gravity, high corrosion resistance, and hypoallergenicity. Unlike pure titanium, titanium alloy has high strength and hardness.
The main disadvantage of titanium is its relatively low hardness, which does not allow titanium to be used as a base for cutting tools or other devices and products that require materials that resist deformation well.
Titanium alloy is a special compound based on titanium and a compound of titanium and boron, which is not an ordinary “alloy”, but a special composite material, similar in its structure to a honeycomb of bees or a mosaic.
The components of this material perform different functions. In particular, the walls of the “honeycomb” of this composite material consist of titanium boride, a stronger and harder material, and the voids between them are filled with ordinary titanium, softer and more flexible than the boron-titanium compound.
Such a very strong and at the same time plastic material based on honeycombs can be obtained by sintering a mixture of titanium and titanium diboride powders at temperatures of approximately 1000 °C. Under such conditions, titanium boride matrices can be processed and deformed without the formation of cracks in their structure.
Advantages:
Source: https://uznayvse.ru/interesting-facts/samyiy-tverdyiy-metall-v-mire.html
Titanium alloys
Since titanium is a metal with good hardness but low strength, titanium-based alloys have become more widespread in industrial production. Alloys with different grain structures differ in the structure and type of crystal lattice.
They can be obtained by ensuring certain temperature conditions during the production process. And by adding various alloying elements to titanium, it is possible to obtain alloys characterized by higher performance and technological properties.
By adding alloying elements and different types of crystal lattices in titanium-based structures, higher heat resistance and strength . At the same time, the resulting structures are characterized by low density, good anti-corrosion properties and good ductility, which expands the scope of their use.
Characteristics of titanium
Titanium is a lightweight metal that combines high hardness and low strength , making it difficult to process. The melting point of this material is on average 1665°C . The material is characterized by low density (4.5 g/cm3) and good anti-corrosion ability.
An oxide film several nm thick is formed on the surface of the material, which eliminates corrosion processes of titanium in sea and fresh water, atmosphere, oxidation under the influence of organic acids, cavitation processes and in structures under tension.
In its normal state, the material does not have heat resistance; it is characterized by the phenomenon of creep at room temperatures. However, in cold and deep cold conditions the material is characterized by high strength characteristics.
Titanium has a low elastic modulus, which limits its use for structures that require rigidity. In its pure state, the metal has high anti-radiation characteristics and does not have magnetic properties.
Titanium is characterized by good plastic properties and can be easily processed at room temperatures and above. Welded seams made of titanium and its compounds have ductility and strength.
However, the material is characterized by intense gas absorption processes when in an unstable chemical state that occurs when the temperature rises.
Titanium, depending on the gas with which it is combined, forms hydride, oxide, and carbide compounds that have a negative effect on its technological properties.
The material is characterized by poor adaptability to cutting sticks to the tool for a short period of time , which reduces its service life. It is possible to carry out machining of titanium by cutting using intensive cooling at high feeds, at low processing speeds and a significant depth of cut. In addition, high-speed steel is selected as a processing tool.
The material is characterized by high chemical activity, which necessitates the use of inert gases when carrying out smelting, titanium casting or arc welding. During use, titanium products must be protected from possible absorption of gases when operating temperatures are likely to increase.
Structures based on titanium with the addition of alloying elements such as:
- aluminum,
- copper,
- iron,
- nickel,
- molybdenum,
- tin,
- vanadium,
- chromium,
- zirconium.
Structures obtained by deforming titanium group alloys are used for the manufacture of products undergoing mechanical processing.
According to strength they are distinguished:
- High-strength materials, the strength of which is more than 1000 MPa;
- Structures with average strength, ranging from 500 to 1000 MPa;
- Low-strength materials, with a strength below 500MPa.
By area of use:
- Structures that are corrosion resistant.
- Construction materials;
- Heat-resistant structures;
- Structures with high resistance to cold.
Types of alloys
According to the alloying elements included in the composition, six main types of alloys are distinguished.
Alloys type α-alloys
Alloys of the type α-alloys based on titanium with the use of aluminum, tin, zirconium, and oxygen are characterized by good weldability, a decrease in the solidification limit of titanium and an increase in its fluidity .
These properties make it possible to use so-called α-alloys to produce blanks using the shaped method or when casting parts .
The resulting products of this type have high thermal resistance, which allows them to be used for the manufacture of critical parts operating at temperature conditions up to 400°C .
With minimal amounts of alloying elements, the compounds are called technical titanium. It is characterized by good thermal stability, and has excellent welding characteristics when carrying out welding work on various machines.
The material has satisfactory cutting characteristics. It is not recommended to increase strength for alloys of this type using heat treatment; materials of this type are used after annealing.
Alloys containing zirconium have the highest cost and are highly manufacturable.
The forms of supply of the alloy are presented in the form of wire, pipes, rolled bars, and forgings.
The most used material of this class is the VT5-1 alloy , characterized by medium strength, heat resistance up to 450°C and excellent characteristics when operating at low and ultra-low temperatures.
It is not practiced to strengthen this alloy by thermal methods, but its use at low temperatures requires a minimum amount of alloying materials.
Alloys type β-alloys
β-type alloys are obtained by alloying titanium with vanadium, molybdenum, nickel, and the resulting structures are characterized by an increase in strength in the range from room to negative temperatures compared to α-alloys. When using them, the heat resistance of the material and its temperature stability increase, but at the same time there is a decrease in the plastic characteristics of the alloys of this group.
To obtain stable characteristics, alloys of this group must be alloyed with a significant amount of these elements. Based on the high cost of these materials, the structures of this group have not received wide industrial distribution.
Alloys of this group are characterized by resistance to creep, the ability to increase strength in various ways, and the possibility of mechanical processing.
However, with an increase in operating temperature to 300°C, alloys of this group become brittle .
Pseudo α-alloys
Pseudo α-alloys , most of the alloying elements of which are α-phase components with the addition of up to 5% elements of the β group . The presence of the β-phase in alloys adds the property of plasticity to the advantages of the α-group alloying elements. An increase in the heat resistance of alloys of this group is achieved by using aluminum, silicon and zirconium.
The last of these elements has a positive effect on the dissolution of the β-phase in the alloy structure. However, these alloys are also characterized by disadvantages , including good absorption of hydrogen by titanium and the formation of hydrides, with the possibility of hydrogen embrittlement.
Hydrogen is fixed in the compound in the form of a hydride phase, reduces the viscosity and plastic characteristics of the alloy and increases the brittleness of the joint. One of the most common materials in this group is VT18 titanium alloy , which has heat resistance up to 600°C and has good ductility characteristics.
The listed properties make it possible to use the material for the manufacture of compressor parts in the aircraft industry . Thermal treatment of the material includes annealing at temperatures of about 1000°C with further air cooling or double annealing, which increases its tensile strength by 15%.
Pseudo β-alloys
Pseudo β-alloys are characterized by the presence of only the β-phase after quenching or normalization. In the annealed state, the structure of these alloys is represented by the α phase with a significant amount of alloying components of the β group . These alloys are characterized by the highest specific strength among titanium compounds and have low thermal resistance.
In addition, alloys of this group are slightly susceptible to brittleness when exposed to hydrogen, but they are highly sensitive to carbon and oxygen, which reduces the ductile and ductile properties of the alloy. These alloys are characterized by poor weldability, a wide range of mechanical characteristics caused by the heterogeneity of the composition and low stability when operating at high temperatures .
The form of release of the alloy is represented by sheets, forgings, rods and strip metal, with recommended use for a long time at temperatures not exceeding 350°C. An example of such an alloy is VT 35 , which is characterized by pressure treatment when exposed to temperature. After hardening, the material is characterized by high plastic characteristics and the ability to deform in a cold state.
Carrying out the aging operation for this alloy causes repeated strengthening in the presence of high viscosity.
Alloys type α+β
Alloys of the α+β type with possible inclusions of intermetallic compounds are characterized by less brittleness when exposed to hydrites compared to alloys of groups 1 and 3. In addition, they are characterized by greater manufacturability and ease of processing using various methods compared to α-group alloys.
When welding using this type of material, annealing is required after the operation is completed to increase the ductility of the weld. Materials in this group are manufactured in the form of strips, sheet metal, forgings, stampings and rods.
The most common material in this group is the VT6 alloy , which is characterized by good deformability during heat treatment and a reduced likelihood of hydrogen embrittlement. This material is used to produce load-bearing parts for aircraft and heat-resistant products for engine compressors in aviation.
The use of annealed or heat-strengthened VT6 alloys is practiced. For example, thin-walled profile parts or sheet blanks are annealed at a temperature of 800°C, then cooled in air or left in a furnace.
Titanium alloys based on intermetallic compounds
Intermetallic compounds are an alloy of two metals, one of which is titanium.
Receiving products
Structures obtained by casting, carried out in special metal molds under conditions of limited access to active gases, taking into account the high activity of titanium alloys with increasing temperature.
Alloys produced by casting have worse properties compared to alloys produced by deformation.
Heat treatment to increase strength is not carried out for alloys of this type, since it has a significant impact on the ductility of these structures.
Source: http://zewerok.ru/titanovye-splavy/
Titanium alloy is stronger than pure titanium
Titanium alloy is a special compound based on titanium and a compound of titanium and boron, which is not an ordinary “alloy”, but a special composite material, similar in its structure to a honeycomb of bees or a mosaic. This alloy has a low specific gravity, high corrosion resistance, and hypoallergenicity. Unlike pure titanium, titanium alloy has high strength and hardness.
Description
Advantages
Application
Description:
Titanium alloy, or more precisely, the titanium-titanium boron composite, like pure titanium, has a low specific gravity, high corrosion resistance, and hypoallergenicity. Unlike pure titanium, titanium alloy has high strength and hardness.
The main disadvantage of titanium is its relatively low hardness, which does not allow titanium to be used as a base for cutting tools or other devices and products that require materials that resist deformation well.
Titanium alloy is a special compound based on titanium and a compound of titanium and boron, which is not an ordinary “alloy”, but a special composite material, similar in its structure to a honeycomb of bees or a mosaic.
The components of this material perform different functions. In particular, the walls of the “honeycomb” of this composite material consist of titanium boride, a stronger and harder material, and the voids between them are filled with ordinary titanium, softer and more flexible than the boron-titanium compound.
Such a very strong and at the same time plastic material based on honeycombs can be obtained by sintering a mixture of titanium and titanium diboride powders at temperatures of approximately 1000 °C. Under such conditions, titanium boride matrices can be processed and deformed without the formation of cracks in their structure.
Advantages:
– high corrosion resistance,
– low specific gravity,
– hypoallergenic,
– non-magnetic material
– high strength and hardness.
– manufacturing of heavy-duty and lightweight medical and aerospace devices, tools and products,
– production of cutting tools.
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Source: https://xn--80aaafltebbc3auk2aepkhr3ewjpa.xn--p1ai/titanovyj-splav-bolee-prochnyj/
